關於 extent中文 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

「利潤」究竟是什麼

這一講不是要講經商，我們小小地梳理一個大大的話題：從經濟學角度看，人生應該追求什麼。

簡單地說，最值得追求的東西是「利潤」。

我不信你會不想要利潤。利潤是收入減去成本剩下的那一部分，是收穫比付出多出來的部分。利潤是正的，說明你的一切努力都沒有白費，說明瞭社會對你的肯定。利潤要是負的，就說明你創造的價值配不上你的一番折騰。

但你要是細想，利潤是一個神秘的東西。

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你必須直接去市場上買賣點什麼東西才談得上利潤。上班拿固定工資是沒有利潤的。哪怕你工資再高，那也只是你的勞動所得，都是根據你這個水平，你應該得的，是市場認為正好等於你的付出的回報 —— 這表現在你要是不上班就沒有收入。

而利潤則是「不該得」的東西，可以說是躺著賺的錢。這個性質曾經使得有些思想家認為拿利潤是不道德的。

馬克思譴責利潤。你開個工廠，買了機器和廠房，雇了工人，進了一批原材料，工人生產出產品，你把產品賣掉。然後你一算賬，賣產品的收入減去工人工資、機器廠房和原材料的花費，還多出來了一筆錢，這就是利潤。你欣然把這筆錢放入自己口袋。馬克思說且慢！工人累死累活工作才拿那麼一點工資，你幹什麼了就拿這麼多錢，你那叫剩餘價值！你無償佔有了別人創造的價值。
你當然不服氣。你說不是啊，我管理工人，我組織生產，我聯繫了進貨和銷售，我安排廠裡的大事小情，這怎麼不是創造價值呢？

馬克思會告訴你，你做的這些事兒的確也是勞動，你可以拿一份高工資，但你的工資不會像利潤那麼高。你完全可以雇一個職業經理人替你管理工廠。你把職業經理人的工資發了，還會剩下一筆錢，這筆錢才是真正的利潤。

這個計算讓馬克思深感憤怒，產生了深遠的影響……咱們還是單說資本主義這邊對此是怎麼想的。崇尚市場的經濟學家也算了這個賬，但結果是利潤好像不應該存在。

我們假設老張開工廠賺了一萬塊錢的「淨」利潤。這個是把老張本人付出的管理勞動該拿的那部分報酬去掉之後剩下的錢，是老張「躺賺」的錢。那如果是這樣的話，市場上就應該出來一個老李：老李說既然是躺賺，我不用那麼高的利潤，我躺賺五千元就行，我願意把商品賣便宜點，給工人工資高點。那你說老張能幹過老李嗎？

你很容易想到老張繼續存在的理由。比如老張有資本而老李沒有。或者老張跟政府關係好，壟斷了這塊業務。或者老張掌握一個技術護城河，老李學不會。但是對經濟學家來說這些都不是本質問題：資本可以貸款，跟政府的關係可以用一個更好的條件重新談，技術可以請人研發。事實上，經濟學家的推理是，哪怕現在還沒有一個具體的老李，只要市場存在老李出現的可能性，老張就不敢壓榨太高的利潤，他必須用比較低的價格和比較高的工資預防老李的出現。
要這麼算的話，市場充分競爭的結果一定會把利潤變成 0。總會有一個老王出來，說我就當自己是個職業經理人跟大家交朋友算了，我拿個應得的工資就行，利潤我不要。

那真實世界里的利潤是從哪來的呢？當然市場不可能是充分競爭的，總會有些老張偶爾能享受到利潤……但市場力量應該讓利潤越來越薄才對。經濟學家必須找到一個產生利潤的過硬的機制，否則解釋不了為什麼總有人拿那麼高的利潤……甚至解釋不了為什麼有人願意開公司。

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利潤從哪裡來這個問題的解決，在經濟學史上是一個里程碑。1921年，美國經濟學家弗蘭克·奈特（Frank Knight, 1885-1972）出版了《風險、不確定性與利潤》（Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit）一書 [1]，提出了一個傳世的洞見：利潤來自不確定性。

組織生產、採購和營銷、日常的管理，企業中一切常規的操作都可以由拿固定工資的人做，只有一件事必須由企業家本人做，那就是風險決策。

比如說，為了在今年秋季上市一批新女裝，我們必須在夏天就定下來款式，備工備料，展開生產。可是秋天還沒到，現在誰也不知道到時候流行哪個款式，那我們生產什麼呢？這個決策，必須由企業家本人做出。為什麼？因為他是承擔決策風險的人。

如果你賭對了，秋季正好流行這款女裝，因為別的服裝廠沒生產只有你生產出來了，你就佔據了稀缺，你就可以要一個高價，利潤歸你。你要是賭錯了，到時候服裝賣不出去，工人和經理們還是會拿同樣的工資，損失也歸你。
生產、日常管理、冒險，是三種不同的能力。為什麼企業家要開公司？因為他敢冒險。為什麼工人和經理人選擇拿固定工資？因為他們不想冒險。

這個道理聽著挺簡單，但是其中有個大學問。奈特之前的經濟學家也想到了企業家承擔風險，但是他們沒搞清楚到底什麼是風險。

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如果女裝只有比如粉色和綠色兩個選擇，而且你明確知道它們流行的可能性都是 50% —— 那這個風險其實不用企業家承擔。因為你可以買保險！概率已知的風險都是可以管理的。銀行可以給生產兩款女裝的工廠都提供貸款，到時候肯定一個賠錢一個賺錢，只要利息和保險合適，銀行和企業雙贏。有這個保險機制在，大家誰都不用冒險，可以各自拿一份固定工資，根本不需要企業家。
奈特的真正貢獻在於，他把風險給分成了兩種。

第一種就叫「風險（risk）」，但是特指那些已知概率大小的風險。這種可以用保險解決，不需要企業家。

第二種叫「不確定性（uncertainty）」，是指那些無法評估概率大小，可能是從來沒出現過的新事物，甚至是現在人們根本無法想象的東西。這個不確定性，才是企業家存在的理由，才是利潤的來源。

現代經濟學家把這個不確定性特別稱為「奈特不確定性（Knightian uncertainty）」。我們專欄講過 [2]，統計學家有個更科學的說法。已知概率大小的，叫做「偶然不確定性（Aleatoric uncertainty）」， 也叫統計不確定性。不知道概率大小的，叫做「認知不確定性（Epistemic uncertainty）」，也叫系統不確定性。前者發生的事情都是你事先能想到的，後者則是你想不到的。比如「黑天鵝」事件，就是一種認知不確定性。

你開一個賭場。賭場每天都在跟賭徒們賭博，但是因為輸贏的概率是固定的而且有利於你，所以你的日常經營本身並不是冒險。真正的冒險是要不要開這個賭場：你能預測客流量足夠讓你收回投資嗎？你能擺平當地黑社會嗎？你能確保政府發展博彩業的政策不會變嗎？這些事兒沒法計算概率。

搞定這些不確定性，才是企業家該乾的事兒，也是企業家的回報所在。

流行趨勢通常不能用以往的經驗判斷。有個企業家認准了一個全新的款式，說我非得生產這個，銀行能給他擔保嗎？這個不確定性沒法系統化管理，他自己必須承擔 —— 這才是企業家存在的意義。你要是願意給這樣的項目投資、分擔不確定性 —— 而不是把錢交給銀行拿固定的利息 —— 你也是企業家。

要做服裝這一行的企業家，你肯定得對流行趨勢有個很好的感覺才行。不過企業家本人不一定非得特別懂女裝 —— 他完全可以請人來給他設計，只是設計師不承擔不確定性，人家拿固定的設計費，風險還是要由企業家承擔。

簡單說，企業家，是市場上的 player。他拒絕聽別人的安排，非得按照自己的想法決定做什麼，然後他安排別人也按照這個想法去做，最後他獨自承擔後果。

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奈特找到了公司存在的最根本理由。市場競爭再充分也不可能是絕對可預測的，未來總會有各種各樣的不確定性，需要企業家在各個方向上大膽探索。奈特後來成為經濟學的大宗師，他本人沒得過諾貝爾獎但是他有五個弟子得了諾貝爾經濟學獎，他是「芝加哥學派」的祖師爺。

奈特之後，別的經濟學家又找到了公司存在的其他理由。比如科斯說公司減少了交易成本能起到協調作用。張五常說公司提供了合約。還有人說公司解決了監督、提供了資源獨特性……等等等 [3]，但是奈特這個「不確定性」的說法，是最根本的。

如果從某一天開始，世界上再也沒有不確定性了，那麼市場的力量就會迅速把公司利潤變成 0：企業家就不需要存在，大家都應該拿固定工資。

其實現在企業家的日子也不好過。我們看街上那些餐館，開了關關了開，真正能長期賺錢的沒有幾家，可能大部分老闆都是賠錢。沒有稀缺是不可能賺到錢的，但是利潤只發生在你剛剛掌握某種稀缺、而別人還沒有跟上的那個時間段。別人跟上了，模仿了，你就必須再去尋找新的不確定性。

一切賺錢的生意都有不確定性。你把一大筆錢放銀行裡拿利息，那叫躺著花錢不叫躺著賺錢。哪怕是買幾套房子收租金，你都得面對房產市場的不確定性。
世界上沒有一勞永逸的利潤，也沒有真正躺著賺錢的企業家。

那你說平均而言，企業家的收益是正的還是負的呢？我到底該不該去做個企業家呢？沒有答案。有答案就不叫不確定性了。

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不確定性都是從哪來的呢？一個有意思的不確定性是中國經濟學家張維迎在 2008 年的一次演講中說的 [4]。他說中國改革開放這麼多年之中，商業活動最大的不確定性，是「體制的不確定性，政策的不確定性，政府行為的不確定性。」這體現在政府對資源的調配非常隨意。

張維迎當時說，正是這個不確定性加劇了中國的貧富差距。在中國市場化程度高，體制不確定性低的地區，比如浙江省，人們更富裕，收入差距反而更低：因為利潤分布更均勻。

這個規律是不確定性越大，利潤就越高 —— 企業家為利潤而奮鬥，但是市場看不見的手恰恰在降低總利潤。是那些看得見的手，提供了額外的不確定性，才給人帶來不合理的利潤。

那你說如果我們把體制給理順，讓競爭越來越公平，未來的不確定性會不會越來越少呢？不一定。

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奈特列舉了不確定性的好幾種來源，比如未來人口的變化、資源的供給等等。其中我們現代人最關注的肯定是創新。創新本質上是不可預測的，你不知道未來會有什麼新技術出來，你也不知道一個新技術出來會不會被市場接受。一切創新都有強烈的冒險成分，關於這一點已經有太多經濟學家討論了。

而奈特更厲害的一個洞見，則是「價值」的不確定性。說白了就是人的慾望的不確定性，你不知道未來的人喜歡什麼。奈特 1924 年發表了一篇文章叫《經濟學中科學方法的局限性》，說經濟學不僅僅是什麼資源的有效調配，把一個什麼價值函數最大化的問題，因為人的價值觀是會變的 ——
「人生在根本上是對價值的探索，是努力發現新價值，而不是照著現有的價值觀把生產和享受最大化。」[5]

一百多年前整天坐馬車的人沒有想要一輛汽車。2006 年以前的人並不期待智能手機。今天的多數人不能理解馬斯克為什麼非得讓人去火星。人生的終極任務不是滿足某種價值，而是發現和創造新價值。

因為這個見識，奈特後來被認為是個道德哲學家，而不僅僅是個經濟學家。
也因為這一點，你不需要非得是個企業家，也不一定非得拿金錢利潤。藝術家、教育家、每個工人和管理者、包括每個消費者，都可以是價值的發現者和不確定性的製造者。

只要把周圍的世界往你想的那個方向上推動一小步，就算是你的成功。

注釋
[1] 弗蘭克·奈特，《風險、不確定性和利潤》，中文有郭武軍、劉亮翻譯版，華夏出版社 2013。
[2] 精英日課第三季，哪種不確定性？什麼黑天鵝？
[3] 關於公司為什麼存在的理論發展總結，可參考向松祚，《新經濟學》第二卷，新經濟範式。
[4] 張維迎的這次演講首次發表於《經濟觀察報》2008年1月20日，修改後的文章曾收入作者主編的《中國改革30年：10位經濟學家的思考》。
[5] Frank Knight (1924), "The limitations of scientific method in economics」, 原文是「Now this, we shall contend, is not very far; the scientific view of life is a limited and partial view; life is at bottom an exploration in the field of values, an attempt to discover values, rather than on the basis of knowledge of them to produce and enjoy them to the greatest possible extent. We strive to "know ourselves," to find out our real wants, more than to get what we want. This fact sets a first and most sweeping limitation to the conception of economics as a science.」

［NetFlix 績後升15%創新高，但純利收入都低過預期，升乜？］

拿，唔知我平時在Patreon寫乜文嘅，送篇免費嘅畀你（https://bityl.co/5HGG）。4000字講NetFlix業績。業績後升15%創新高，但純利收入都低過預期，升乜？

完全免費（https://bityl.co/5HGG），所以我建議你去Patreon睇，一來可以用熟個app，二來嗰邊有埋圖。咁睇咗覺得好睇嘅，記得訂Patreon（https://bityl.co/4Y0h）．係呀廣告，但至少我唔搞吊你癮，唔會除衫除到一半叫你畀錢。入去有晒成篇文睇，唔想嘅呢個Post都有晒啲字（但冇圖）

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
告個急先：Ivan已被炒，3月開始失業。未訂嘅記得訂Patreon，積小成多呀。訂咗嘅可以考慮加碼（https://bityl.co/4Y0h）。一星期至少出返六篇文，今年我已經寫咗25篇，篇篇三千字，冇苦勞都有肺癆

TLDR：純利收入都低過預期，升乜？冇錯訂戶數係超過預期，但帶唔到純利收入又有乜用？最令人驚喜嘅其實唔係呢啲，係公司卒之燒錢燒成正果，而家話唔使再燒，仲分分鐘有錢做回購。公司原本一路燒錢，但肺炎救佢一命，除咗多人訂，同搞到迪士尼好忙外，最重要係：低息！不過睇返，過去半年公司股價根本橫行，你miss一日就冇咗15%。將來會點？迪士尼定Netflix？Why not both？Amazon都冇殺死Walmart，但殺晒啲中小企。最後我仲會講下Netflix獨特嘅企業文化。

Netflix純利收入都低過預期，升乜？
過去半年Netflix股價只係橫行，搞乜？
Netflix以燒錢出名，但肺炎救佢一命
Netflix而家止血，唔使再舉債，仲話會回購。十年第一次
迪士尼定Netflix做霸主？Why not both？
而家你睇梗係爽，但之前Netflix一樣有無數低潮
最後： Netflix獨特嘅企業文化

Netflix純利收入都低過預期，升乜？

1. Netflix出完第四季（亦即係全年）業績，升14%，股價創新高

2. 但，升乜？你見純利，大幅低過預期。收入，亦都係低過分析員預期。「明明埃汾話業績冇好定壞，只有好過預期定低過預期」（呢啲咪你學藝不精咯，睇多啲文啦）

3. 咁可能都有人留意到，訂戶數目幾好，遠超預期。第四季上咗850萬個新客，遠比市場預期嘅650萬為多。全年上咗3700萬新客，史上最多了。而家去到2.04億訂戶，唔好忘記仲要係入唔到14億人嘅大陸喎。（Facebook Youtube Whatsapp 微訊 instream 抖音嗰啲10億人用，但，免費嘢點同）

4. 不過，如果只係訂戶數字勝預期，但純利同收入差，有乜用？唔足以令股價咁升吧？所以我相信，係因為其他原因。

5. 咩原因？就係因為公司宣佈現金流轉正（講FCF，Free cash flow，唔知係乜有得佢，但呢個唔係純利），應該好多人都知Netflix以燒錢出名，似乎止血了。仲有，話唔使再借錢，唔使債冚債，之後到期嘅債，內部現金夠找。仲話有閒錢可以做share buyback，回購股票，嘩。十年未試過。

過去半年Netflix股價只係橫行，搞乜？

6. 回帶少少，發唔發現，呢半年冇乜聽Netflix呢隻股票嘅新聞？劇集電影就好多，但隻股票極靜。因為半年都係橫行，鳩做，連登仔又可以鬧升市冇自己份（見好多人鬧隻蘋果，但舊年升一個開，之前你又唔買？奉旨要等埋你上車？）

7. 但，事實係嗰句，Success Is Like Being Pregnant Everyone Says Congratulations But Nobody Knows How Many Times You Were 忽ed. 雖然話疫情受惠股，但舊年下半年，股價真係橫行的。而家又梗係個個話成功啦，但之前半年呢？

8. 特別係舊年第三季業績後，隊咗一轉。都幾合理，因為大家覺得，爆到遍地開花，要上台嘅都上晒了（呢個嚟緊都會係Netflix嘅死穴）。舊年第三季都未訂嘅人，應該成世都唔會訂—Turns out 唔係，咪話第四季都仲上咗650萬人—其中一個就係我！

9. 我在台灣隔離十四日，結果join咗兩樣以前唔用嘅嘢：Netflix，同埋外賣平台。外賣平台用咗好多。Netflix？我差不多冇睇過咁滯，但月費照交。幾咁好嘅business model，況且佢marginal cost極低

Netflix以燒錢出名，但肺炎救佢一命

10. 再回帶遠少少，當局者迷。你而家睇返，根本覺得買Netflix係撈兵拿，正如當年買Facebook 買Starbucks一樣，見到呢啲公司點冒起，同埋點趕絶傳統公司。大把時間畀你買。但中間你總會質疑好多嘢，人之常情。Netflix就係畀人質疑得最多嘅（包括我），亦所以升得最勁！

11. 道理好簡單，Starbucks大家都知幾毫子咖啡豆賣你幾十蚊杯賺到笑，頂多畀高少少人工搵幾件四正啲嘅少男少女叫下你個名。貴租？人地交得起。有人租咪合理。但，正係太簡單啦，早早都知道。

12. Netflix Tesla唔同，呢啲公司一來太劃時代，二來太出位，三來太進取，一路有人質疑。創辦人都話你知公司一度生死邊緣（Starbucks應該冇試過）。但正係因為咁，先升到你笑。

13. 講返，即使我唔上Netflix，都知道你地上，人人都見到。但啲人質疑乜？就係公司一直不停燒錢，燒得好勁。搶market share，買內容，整內容，搶人（Netflix出撚名人工高，但，請你先算啦，我夠知美斯C朗人工高）。一直唔少人質疑，玩呢個燒錢遊戲玩到幾耐？公司嘅護城河亦好似唔夠高，傳統公司（主要係迪士尼）大把錢燒，你點夠佢嚟？

Netflix而家止血，唔使再舉債，仲話會回購。十年第一次

14. 但，好大程度上，Netflix先係最大嘅肺炎受惠股。冇工返冇學返留在屋企睇Netflix就好明顯，但仲有三個層面：第一，迪士尼火燒後欄（戲院收皮，樂園唔開，ESPN冇波播），唔得閒應付你住。第二，戲院唔開，直頭加速晒啲人睇戲睇電視嘅習慣改變，我估第時同啲新一代講阿叔以前去戲院拍拖，等於我老豆同我講佢當年去涼茶舖聽歌睇電視咁。

15. 但重要嘅係，第三：低息，買債，印銀紙。如果而家5厘息甚至10厘息，Netflix嘅情況可能都幾唔同。低息，當然係有利啲借大錢搏老命嘅公司，例如Netflix同Tesla，or to a certain extent恒大之類嘅內房，同時懲罰債主同埋儲錢嘅人（睇咗咁多年仲未睇穿？）。

16. 好啦，結果Netflix搏一搏單車變摩托，突襲荷里活同迪士尼成功，燒錢有回報，再嚟一場肺炎真係天助我也，利率低令利息開支冇乜壓力，要發債融資亦大把人願意。結果公司而家話正現金流（Free Cash flow，唔同純利），唔使再燒錢

17. 再講白啲，公司話明嚟緊幾個月到期嘅5億債，唔使re finance （即係新債冚舊債），直頭內部現金夠找，仲話唔使再倚賴外部融資。仲痴線到話可以有能力回購股票！十年冇試過

18. 回購嘛，當然係好東西。唔好執著於啲乜鬼「回購只係財技」嘅廢話。咁派息係咪財技？你又鬧公司唔派息？美國公司好多都只回購，唔派息，原因之一係有股息稅。回購是甚麼？你咪當係印公仔紙集資嘅反向過程，公司用入面嘅錢（留意！唔同大股東增持！），買返街度嘅股票。並唔止係「托價」（反正完全合法），而係我公司如果有錢冇地方洗，與其派息畀股東股東仲要畀人扣稅，與其管理層做埋啲白痴收購，不如就買返自己股票。買完公司冇錢會少咗錢—但總股數都少咗，咪拉高個每股盈利（Earnings per share）。你睇蘋果每股盈利嘅升幅，係明顯高過佢純利升幅，因為不停回購。

19. 如果玩得再盡啲？我以前都寫過，啲公司借錢然後拎啲錢做回購都仲得！啲巨型科企發債咁平，根本有數計。借平錢不停買自己啲股票，幾咁簡單。

20. 所以你而家明點解低息環境有助股市啦！亦明白點解美國啲左翼（包括好多民主黨嘅後生）鬧聯儲局劫貧濟富。你睇到個騙局未？長期低息，有事就救企業，印錢。作為散仔，不投資，你係肯定向下流的。

21. 我唯一有少少懷疑係，Netflix真係有必要回購股票？股價都在高位，亦都要大量投資，係咪批新股會著數啲？

迪士尼定Netflix做霸主？Why not both？

22. 將來會點？上個月舊文（到底我一個月寫幾多文？）有寫過迪士尼 vs Netflix（但主要由迪士尼角度出發）（https://bityl.co/5HDV）。你可以當Netflix偷襲成功，巨人迪士尼未識反應，加埋一場肺炎幫到Netflix，一度Netflix市值大過迪士尼，十分有意義嘅一刻。但講咗，舊年下半年Netflix原地踏步，迪士尼就越升越有，因為企穩陣腳，你識串流我唔識？迪士尼始終有品牌有內容同有錢，點會坐以待斃？

23. 誰死誰負？我估係大家都贏，super！講真的，你見Amazon都冇打死Walmart，人地啲CEO拎咁高人工唔係流的，唔係坐定定講句「網購大勢所趨冇得搞」就得，否則請你返嚟把托？

24. 睇嘢唔好咁表面，冇話唔係你死就我亡，亦唔只係咩新一代挑戰廢老。出嚟行求財唔係求氣嘛。有話根本Netflix根本冇改變荷里活，係荷里活改變Netflix（https://bityl.co/5HDn），Netflix都要跟荷里活玩拍戲拎奧斯卡嘅遊戲（我諗起話滿人蒙古人被漢化咁）。甚至有人話，而家迪士尼先係挑戰者，Netflix係Incumbent 舊勢力（即係，「建制」）（https://bityl.co/5HDr）。也不無道理，反正兩間公司咁高咁大，市值差不多，叮噹馬頭，大衞已經變到哥利亞咁大

25. 咁咩公司死？咪就係其他小型公司。Go Bear舊文都有講（https://bityl.co/5HDf），啲咩二三線媒體公司，特別係只做內容冇平台嘅，應該好快死得。呢，話口未完美高梅（MGM）就似乎要賣，得啲占士邦片咋，冇戲院你點算（https://bityl.co/5HDo）。

26. 你估真係Content is King？時代唔同啦，Facebook 啲content 差不多全部唔係自己，亦都一個仙都畀你，但你自動免費幫佢做content．係咪令你諗到啲乜？

而家你睇梗係爽，但之前Netflix一樣有無數低潮

27. 最後補多幾樣。首先再係講，Stay invested．今時今日嘅Netflix，都話市值同迪士尼咁大，已經係幾成熟嘅公司。可能升多幾倍，但照計唔會升十倍。甚至話，你當佢一年升15%，已經交到貨，美股一路以嚟長期回報都係咁上下。咁你見，15%，往往就係一晚之間升晒！之前半年橫行。你走漏一日，就冇。

28. 哦，你話咁好易，我出業績前買，出完就沽咗佢。但，如果差過預期咁點？你而家睇返係簡單，Netflix連續31季收入增長超過20%。但你見2012年尾時，增長一樣由50%跌到單位數，當時啲股價一樣坐過山車，十個有九個都震走啦，「止蝕」嘛

29. 事實你見到，雖然連續31季收入增長超過20%，但最新增長係2013年中以嚟最慢。亦所以話間公司已經開始成熟。早前講過，「而家去到2.04億訂戶，唔好忘記仲要係入唔到14億人嘅大陸喎。（Facebook Youtube Whatsapp 微訊 instream 抖音嗰啲10億人用，但，免費嘢點同）」

30. 但另一角度睇，仲有幾多空間？不過管理層當然一早知你會問（知道出面擔心乜嘢，呢啲真係基本功），就答你，Netflix暫時只係佔美國人睇電視時間嘅10%，仲有空間上。又當然，公司應該係有啲加價空間的，我唔覺得加10%會有超過5%嘅人走佬，個total income應該仲大。最後，會唔會做收購？

最後： Netflix獨特嘅企業文化

31. 真係最後，我睇到一半，但推介大家睇No Rules Rules呢本書。唔好只係用用家嘅角度去睇間公司，Netflix在商界，最出面係獨特嘅「企業文化」—好多公司（特別係香港公司）都濫用呢個字，根本就冇文化。

32. Netflix嘅文化就出晒名，精英主義，自由，好Q高人工（人地工程師一年出幾十萬花紅，美金啦梗係），但極之高壓，炒人全不手軟，先唔會理你啲KOL講咩影響士氣（個個生意都未做過去教人地美國巨企管人，好好笑）。天才嘅天堂，平庸者嘅地獄。

33. 想快睇嘅，可以睇呢篇文，中文嘢，易入口（https://bityl.co/5HEU）。但簡單嚟講，精英文化，好似歐洲頂級球會或者NBA咁，唔使講人情，我地唔係一家人，你掂嘅你上，唔掂嘅即時收工。你放工做乜我唔理你，上到場冇貨交嘅即死，唔使講咩「我為公司打咁多年江山」。阿丕嫂就係批鬥大會，聞說好似人工都完全公開。

34. 你稍為有啲自己之明嘅，就知道呢啲公司唔係正常人可以入到，正如你都唔會去皇馬巴塞踢正選。亦所以你啲濕鳩公司唔好諗住學人地。打工更加唔好怨咩「才華同收入唔成正比」，有冇諗過如果真係成正比，你可能仲低人工？

35. 幸好，你冇料在Netflix做都好，你都可以買佢嘅股票！分享人地嘅成果。係咪好偉大？

36. 仲有，唔好以為搞間公司只係識拍戲 識搞算法就得。踢波都仲只係場上嗰十幾個人，Netflix咁大，唔通創辦人自己去拍戲？去睇韓劇？一定係靠其他人。佢點請到好嘅人？就係靠以上講嘅嘢，而唔係講埋啲乜撚work life balance（但唔畀錢），”we offer competitive salary and benefits”。Netflix最叻，可能係管人。人地offer NON - competitive salary and benefits—高到你根本match唔到。

37. 仲有，財務呢？你可以話佢大膽，但咁大間公司點都係calculated risk，夠膽咁樣燒錢去搶份額，而唔係坐定定講「巨企霸權打壓我呀」。而家梗係個個都識講燒錢搶市場，但人地幾多年前做？

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
你嘅2020年點？我嘅2020年就幾好。Ivan Patreon，港美市場評點，專題號外，每日一圖，好文推介。每星期6篇，月費100唔使，5個月已1200人訂！（https://bityl.co/4Y0h）。年費仲有85折，仲係睇13個月添。

【After Winning Majority in LegCo: Beijing's Crackdown May Trigger International Intervention】

***感謝Hong Kong Columns - Translated，將我早前撰寫『議會過半想像：以「#國際攬炒」反制「臨立會2.0」』長文（https://www.facebook.com/joshuawongchifung/photos/a.313299448762570/2887650867994069/）翻譯成英文，鼓勵國際社會關注立會選舉一旦過半的沙盤推演，在最惡劣形勢下的制衡策略。***

中文精簡版本：https://www.facebook.com/joshuawongchifung/photos/a.564294826996363/2888641404561682/

Hongkongers have experienced our revolution for over half a year. They no longer take a consequentialist view to the effectiveness of their movement as they did years ago, or waste time second-guessing the intentions and background of fellow activists. Following the defensive battles at CUHK and PolyU, November’s District Council election saw a great victory of unity. More marvellous is the union between peaceful and “valiant” protesters.

In the process of resisting tyranny, the people have realised that one cannot prioritize one strategy over another. This is also how the common goal of “35+” came into being—the hope that we will win over half of the seats in the Legislative Council (LegCo) this September, such that the political spectrum that represents the majority of Hongkongers is able to gain control of legislative decisions. The political clout of Hongkongers will increase if 35 or more seats are successfully secured on our side. It is certainly one vital step to achieve the five demands within the system.

The possibility of realizing legislative majority

Technically it is not unrealistic to win a majority even under the current undemocratic system. Back in the 2016 LegCo election, we already won 30 seats. In addition to the District Council (First) functional constituency seat that is already in the pocket of the pan-democrats, as long as the candidates in Kowloon East and New Territories West do not start infighting again, we could safely secure 33 seats based on the number of pan-dem votes in 2016.

The other 3 seats required to achieve a majority depend on democrats’ breakthrough among the functional constituencies by dispersing the resources of the Liaison Office. They also count on whether the turnout this September could exceed 71.2% — that of last year’s District Council elections. Some of the factors that could affect the turnout include: will the epidemic persist into the summer? Will there be potential violent repression of protests in the 2 weeks preceding the election? Will Hong Kong-US relations be affected by the downturn of the global economy?

Therefore, the ambition of “35+” is to be prioritised by the resistance as both a means and an end. I have already expressed my support for an intra-party primary at the coordination meeting. In the meantime, it is pleasing to see the ongoing debates reaching a consensus of maximising the seats among geographical constituencies in the upcoming election.

Whilst enthusiastic coordination, we should also assess the post-election landscape and gauge Beijing’s reactions: if we do not reach 35 seats, Hong Kong will be subject to tighter control and more severe repression by China; but if the democratic parties successfully form a majority in LegCo, CCP’s fears of a “constitutional crisis” would become imminent. Hence, the key questions are how the Pan-Democrats should deal with the volatile political situation in Hong Kong and how they are going to meet Beijing’s charge head-on.

Watching out for Beijing’s dismissal of LegCo after reaching majority

To take back control of LegCo such that it faithfully reflects the majority’s principles and needs is the definition of a healthy democracy. Recently, however, DAB’s Tam Yiu-chung has warned that the plan of the Pan-Dems to “usurp power” in the LegCo would only lead to Beijing’s forceful disqualification of certain members or the interpretation of the Basic Law. This proves that winning a majority in LegCo is not only a popular conception but also a realistic challenge that would get on the nerves of Beijing. Could Beijing accept a President James To in LegCo? These unknown variables must be addressed upon achieving a majority.

While there is no telltale sign as to Beijing’s exact strategy, we are already familiar with the way CCP manipulated the Basic Law in the past 4 years. Having experienced three waves of disqualifications in LegCo, twice kicked out of LegCo with my team, and thrice locked up in jail, I have no false hopes of an easy compromise from Beijing: they would not let Pan-Dems control LegCo for half a year and wait (as is the proper procedure) until after having negatived the Budget to dissolve the legislature, and thereby giving them an easy victory in the re-elections. The greater the Pan-Dems threaten Beijing’s rule in Hong Kong, the more likely that it will trigger Beijing’s repression.

Since the disqualification and arrest of lawmakers have already become “normalised”, one can even imagine the police stepping into the LegCo building to force Pan-Dems into voting. Neither is it beyond our imagination to expect the CCP to kick out all 70 lawmakers in a fit of rage and replace them with a provisional LegCo “2.0” [HKCT note: The first was from 25 Jan 1997 to 30 Jun 1998]. To depend on a majority that could lead to a chapter of a “new testament” for One Country, Two Systems is perhaps what many elites long for, but they are overly optimistic:for a ticket to the promised land will not be available at the Chief Executive election campaign a year and a half later.

Admittedly, the Pan-Dems cannot unilaterally initiate “Laam-chaau” [HKCT note: mostly translated into “scorched-earth” mentality or “mutual destruction”; some even translated into “If I burn, you burn with us”]. The most they can do is to force a standstill of the government, and not for long the LegCo will have been eliminated from the equation to make the wheels turn again. It all leaves the plan of “Negativing the motion → Dissolving LegCo → Re-election after re-election → the stepping down of Carrie Lam” merely as overly positive speculation, probably resulting from their overestimate of CCP's capacity for rational calculation. The Pan-Dems must guard their frontlines and recognise what the biggest threat from Hong Kong to China could be. In this case, should LegCo sessions be disrupted or suspended, the Pan-Dems would have to be well prepared to surmount the expected obstacles and prevent the disqualification crisis 4 years ago—a Catch-22 indeed.

Productive tension from global intervention: Using Laam-chaau against the CCP

What aggravates the CCP the most is the potential threat to Hong Kong’s unique status as the one and only “separate customs territory”. Any miscalculation will compromise its role as the Chinese economy’s “white gloves”. Imagine if CCP were to disqualify all 70 elected lawmakers and convene a meeting north of the Shenzhen River to pass a resolution to Hong Kong’s affairs (much like the Provisional Legislative Council “1.0" in 1997), how great will the shock be in a world with an effective Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act? However hard it is to predict the future one thing is certain: With the US presidential election just around the corner, blows to the separation of powers would not be tolerated, and the West would necessarily effect countermeasures against the Hong Kong government.

Beijing has been relying upon Hong Kong to navigate the international community for decades. While clamping down on the political freedom of the cosmopolitan city, Beijing desires to maintain the financial centre’s economic freedom. Hence, we started lobbying for the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act four years ago, and today we are determined to promote “Laam-chaau” on an international scale.

The will of the voters must be reflected in an election. If a “35+” legislature were to be dismissed and replaced, such flagrant violation of democracy would assuredly cause a greater backlash than the infamous extradition bill. Knowing what the reality ahead of us could be, we have to combine our election and international strategies to oppose the placement of a 35+ LegCo with an “Emergency Legislative Council 2.0”, to advance an international “Laam-chaau” to Hong Kong’s status as “separate customs territory”. Only then will we stand a chance to resist the regime and to realise the five demands.

Adjusting our mindset: Overcoming the “constitutional crisis” to reach a resolution

Upon the realization of the “35+” LegCo, it is expected that the CCP will launch a devastating counterattack. The Pan-Dems should not expect LegCo to run normally; neither can the lawmakers realise their governing blueprints they have for Hong Kong. Rather, candidates will be able to compete against one another with visions of a liberated Hong Kong through popular vote. Bringing this point up has nothing to do with undermining the common goal of reaching a majority in LegCo, but rather channels the battle of LegCo to positive use upon the rule of law’s death and a “constitutional crisis” ahead. Knowing that Hongkongers have nothing to fall back on, all Pan-Dems should not miss the only way to the realization of “35+”.

Thus, be they partisans, nonpartisans, incumbent politicians, amateur politicians, or the civil society as a whole – if we stay in the political discourse of 2016 and continue to perpetuate old stereotypes, that is to deal with the divisions on the pan-democratic camp by favouring the most “local” faction; to consider only resource allocation and self-aggrandizement as the purpose of a LegCo campaign; to ignore how potential lawmakers are fitted to what specific roles; to turn a blind eye to the journey of resistance since last summer (extending indefinitely into the future)—They would lead as astray and cost us lose a precious opportunity for change by winning a 35+ majority.

The extent to which the pan-democrats can stay united in light of the political atmosphere since last summer is another problem that our side must to address. Before the watershed moment of 12th June 2019, many democratic delegates were trapped in the mentality of needing to “preserve people’s livelihood”, “be content of what we have accomplished”, and other strategies that favours stability. As the government refuses to heed to the five demands, whether the democrats, especially those in the functional constituencies, have the political will to go all-in is the real difficult question that confronts us in the upcoming LegCo election.

All in all, if “35+” cannot be realised, it is unsurprising to see LegCo being more heavily suppressed in the next 4 years; even if "35+" is achieved, it is questionable whether the pan-democrats are able to weather multiple attacks, verbal or physical, from the regime (judging from its power in the last four years) and utilise the international Laam-chaau strategy against the displacement of LegCo. Adhering to the motto of “we fight on, each in his own way”, I can only hope that Hongkongers in elections, street confrontations and international front can reconcile with each other, so that we may collectively compel the government to yield to our demands in the next six months. It is only by reaching a resolution before a real constitutional crisis that we can combat the institutional violence of the regime and not be devoured by it.

https://hkcolumn.blogspot.com/2020/04/joshua-wong-after-winning-majority-in.html?fbclid=IwAR216gf53pG_j9JOpDfr2GItvjLfrFSekKTPzoEs3-s9KBqvPEwz865P8vw

又要來推坑阿滴桌遊啦！這次要來玩的是戰鎚冥土世界，有興趣的話可以點以下連結：https://www.warhammer-world.info/home/product_detail/15

Warhammer Underworlds is a tactical arena combat game. This is a system designed for balanced, small-scale tactical games that can be played quickly and easily by anyone, but which even experienced players will find challenging to master. The game rules are designed with competitive play in mind; matches can be played in under 45 minutes, on a smaller surface than our larger-scale games, and will be ideal for club or tournament play. And not only that, we’ll be fully supporting an organized play system for this game, right from day one.

The forces you can use in this game will be drawn from races across the Mortal Realms, including some for factions that have not received any new miniatures since we first ventured into the Age of Sigmar. Each of these sets will be composed of a small band of easy-to-assemble, push-fit miniatures in the style of our single-pose heroes to represent a specific band of warriors from that faction. These are provided in coloured plastic, and clip together, so you can quite literally be playing with them within minutes of opening the box with no glue or paint needed! (Though they do look great painted, and your dice will roll better – probably.)

The game is played using unique dice and card decks, and these will, to an extent, be unique to each faction. Both decks of cards used in the game are fully customisable – meaning you can choose to create all manner of combinations of overlapping abilities to use and objectives to achieve. This can be a really rewarding part of the game – and means that even the same faction can be played in wildly different ways. We’re expecting to see all sorts of combinations tried out at game stores, clubs and in tournaments.
希德塔的鏡像城市是幻想和瘋狂的噩夢，不斷變化的迷宮，無盡的樓梯，狹窄的街道和高聳的拱門。原來的城市失去了各種顏色和生命，幾千年來，它已經成為一種不詳的毀滅。那些踏入城牆的不幸，勇敢或莽撞的冒險家，穿過國界之間的帷幕，被困在鏡城之中。對於這樣的頑固的人，所有的希望似乎都失去了。

戰鎚40K
戰鎚

#戰鎚

規則錯誤部分如下：
●1:13－其實是鎚子，不是斧頭。
●8:17－首領讓攻擊擲骰重擲的能力，必須在投擲攻擊骰之前宣告使用。
●12:35－每輪的先後決定擲骰是四顆，不是五顆。
●12:56－阿滴的攻擊擲骰是1爆擊、1鎚、1劍，粒方的雖然也1爆擊，但比較完爆擊後，要比較一般成功的數量。索奧奇的攻擊行動是成功符號是鎚，阿滴還有1鎚，粒方已經沒有其他成功骰，所以該該次的攻擊行動是成功的。
●15:38－野獸人的激勵條件是敵方戰幫有兩名或更多鬥士陣亡，而不是全場。不過這是官方中文版本身印刷的問題（英文是正確的）。

【黑 Black】 http://youtube.com/Ph0enixB1ack
【第一集】 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkVl1yZ2tqs
【第二集】https://youtu.be/mN77jBLpOmY
【第三集】https://youtu.be/L1cfmBAqwbo
【第四集】https://youtu.be/O0JOAKRdWpk

【簡介】
A Christmas adventure map unlike any other. DoubleUpGaming brings you a magical experience this holiday with Christmas - An Awakening. The game is set in the luscious north pole hemisphere deep within Santa's workshop and village, you your self are an elf that has been awakened from a deep cryogenic sleep, however what exactly have you awakened to?

This Minecraft Christmas map has been built making use of all that 1.8+ has given us including:

Fully Narrative driven Adventure map with Resource pack
In the map we have spent hours perfecting the voices and cut scenes within the game - Be prepared for comedy, drama and emotion in the epic tale of a young elf's awakening from his deep sleep.

Wave Boss fighting system
In a build up to dramatic events, we have implemented a fully operational Wave Boss system in which you will need to fight off against wave after wave of enemies with the little resources you have.

Slow motion action scenes
Well... you will just have to find out for your self, trust us on that.

*New Elf Collectibles!
Elf trading cards have now been implemented into the map, some are easy to find others are much harder, you will also receive candy for finding them based on their rarity .

【CREDIT】

MAP: http://www.minecraftforum.net/forums/mapping-and-modding/maps/2294174-voiced-christmas-adventure-resource-map-christmas

Author: DoubleUpGaming

It would be unfair to say that the texture pack was made by solely us. Although heavily modified to the extent that the texture pack would not make sense outside of the adventure map, assets from



HerrSommer A Christmas Carol

http://www.planetminecraft.com/texture_pack/herrsommer-a-christmas-carol---14---v2/

Lead Developer: Daniel Colaianni

Assistant Developer: Chelsea Copping

Map Building

Map Building Team: Liam Smith

Map Building Team: Jamie Witham

Map Building Team: Colin Raser

Support

Map Build Server Sponsored by: Sponsor this map? Contact: support@doubleupgaming.com

Voices -

Santa: Daniel Colaianni

A.I Core: Modified tts Crystal

Mallonson Elf: Thomas Lock

----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
如果喜歡我的影片,可以點個喜歡;
如果想繼續追蹤新影片,可以點個訂閱唷。

Please give a like kindly if you enjoyed the video.
If you are interest in the upcoming video,
please subscribe the channel and keep following JellyFish.

有什麼意見或問題,都可以在下方評論給我。
水母我一定會繼續努力的唷~

If you have any problems or questions,
feel free to leave any comments on JellyFish's Youtube or Facebook Fans Page.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
【Equipment 實況後製相關設備】
---------------------------------------------------------------------
錄音: Samson C01U
錄影: Action!, OBS
後製: Adobe Premiere CC and Audacity
繪圖: Clip Studio Paint Pro, Adobe Photoshop CC
---------------------------------------------------------------------
【Background Music 背景音樂】
---------------------------------------------------------------------
．From Epidemic Sound Player
．From Youtube 內建音樂庫
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【Contact 聯絡】
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【水母 Twitch Channel】
http://zh-tw.twitch.tv/jellyfish01486
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【水母 個人粉絲專頁 Fans Page】
http://www.facebook.com/jellyfish01486
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【Facebook】 jellyfish01486@gmail.com
【Email:】jellyfish01486@gmail.com
【Instagram】jellyfish01486
【Twitter】:jellyfish01486
【RC群】 25687656
【RC 】 apple031
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------

【黑 Black】 http://youtube.com/Ph0enixB1ack
【第一集】 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkVl1yZ2tqs
【第二集】https://youtu.be/mN77jBLpOmY

【簡介】
A Christmas adventure map unlike any other. DoubleUpGaming brings you a magical experience this holiday with Christmas - An Awakening. The game is set in the luscious north pole hemisphere deep within Santa's workshop and village, you your self are an elf that has been awakened from a deep cryogenic sleep, however what exactly have you awakened to?

This Minecraft Christmas map has been built making use of all that 1.8+ has given us including:

Fully Narrative driven Adventure map with Resource pack
In the map we have spent hours perfecting the voices and cut scenes within the game - Be prepared for comedy, drama and emotion in the epic tale of a young elf's awakening from his deep sleep.

Wave Boss fighting system
In a build up to dramatic events, we have implemented a fully operational Wave Boss system in which you will need to fight off against wave after wave of enemies with the little resources you have.

Slow motion action scenes
Well... you will just have to find out for your self, trust us on that.

*New Elf Collectibles!
Elf trading cards have now been implemented into the map, some are easy to find others are much harder, you will also receive candy for finding them based on their rarity .

【CREDIT】

MAP: http://www.minecraftforum.net/forums/mapping-and-modding/maps/2294174-voiced-christmas-adventure-resource-map-christmas

Author: DoubleUpGaming

It would be unfair to say that the texture pack was made by solely us. Although heavily modified to the extent that the texture pack would not make sense outside of the adventure map, assets from



HerrSommer A Christmas Carol

http://www.planetminecraft.com/texture_pack/herrsommer-a-christmas-carol---14---v2/

Lead Developer: Daniel Colaianni

Assistant Developer: Chelsea Copping

Map Building

Map Building Team: Liam Smith

Map Building Team: Jamie Witham

Map Building Team: Colin Raser

Support

Map Build Server Sponsored by: Sponsor this map? Contact: support@doubleupgaming.com

Voices -

Santa: Daniel Colaianni

A.I Core: Modified tts Crystal

Mallonson Elf: Thomas Lock

----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
如果喜歡我的影片,可以點個喜歡;
如果想繼續追蹤新影片,可以點個訂閱唷。

Please give a like kindly if you enjoyed the video.
If you are interest in the upcoming video,
please subscribe the channel and keep following JellyFish.

有什麼意見或問題,都可以在下方評論給我。
水母我一定會繼續努力的唷~

If you have any problems or questions,
feel free to leave any comments on JellyFish's Youtube or Facebook Fans Page.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
【Equipment 實況後製相關設備】
---------------------------------------------------------------------
錄音: Samson C01U
錄影: Action!, OBS
後製: Adobe Premiere CC and Audacity
繪圖: Clip Studio Paint Pro, Adobe Photoshop CC
---------------------------------------------------------------------
【Background Music 背景音樂】
---------------------------------------------------------------------
．From Epidemic Sound Player
．From Youtube 內建音樂庫
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【Contact 聯絡】
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【水母 Twitch Channel】
http://zh-tw.twitch.tv/jellyfish01486
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【水母 個人粉絲專頁 Fans Page】
http://www.facebook.com/jellyfish01486
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------
【Facebook】 jellyfish01486@gmail.com
【Email:】jellyfish01486@gmail.com
【Instagram】jellyfish01486
【Twitter】:jellyfish01486
【RC群】 25687656
【RC 】 apple031
----------------------------------------­-----------------------------