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【#民意論壇】探索聯合國憲章中文本的誤譯
文／陳逸南（台灣北社理事）
面對中國的軍機不斷地侵撓台灣，危害印太地區的和平、安全與穩定，有必要探索《聯合國憲章》第二條第四項「the threat or use of force」規定的真相及實際上代表意義。武力威脅（the threat of force）、使用武力（the use of force）、侵略與破壞世界和平有關。
1995年9月30日陳勝所出版的《瞄準聯合國》第228頁指出，《聯合國憲章》第二條第四項從英文翻譯的內容應為「各會員國在其國際關係上，不得為侵害任何國家領土完整或政治獨立之目的，或以與聯合國宗旨不符之其他方式，實行武力威脅或使用武力。」
#武力犯台 #聯合國憲章
【哈佛知識分享 - 六大行業推動力】UA院線結業對做生意面對行業有什麼啟示?
相信大家最近都聽到UA院線停業嘅消息，當然大家都覺得好可惜。 我都曾經去UA睇過唔少電影。
但我好想重做生意角度同你分析下UA停業嘅啟示。我只想講實話。
哈佛其中一個最出名嘅商學院教授 Michael Porter， 佢話做任何生意都要留意 Competitive Six Forces 《六種行業競爭推動力》。
這六種動力， 就奠定了成個行業的定利潤潛力。 如果六個都係差嘅，你有一個叫做 6-Star Crappy Business. You have an untenable position。 中文翻譯做「六星級垃圾生意」， 你有個「站不住腳」的位置。
邊6個?
(1) Bargaining Power of Buyers 買家的議價能力。 買家唔好襯你，容唔容易幫襯第二個? 相信喺戲院嘅行業，唔去呢間，就去另一間㗎喇。 加上張單是一次性，又唔係收月費/年費，亦都冇合約綁住， 因此買家議價能力好強。 第一個 BAD!
(2) Bargaining Power of Suppliers 供應商的議價能力。戲院五成嘅成本去咗租金， 霎時間佢要搬走亦都唔鍾意， 喺香港幾大發展商話晒事， 因此戲院供應商的議價能力又係好強。第二個 BAD。
(3) Barriers to Entry 入行門檻。 你同我好少話突然間會開間戲院，但好多地產發展商都會投資做戲院。 技術水平唔需要高， 又冇話乜嘢特別版權， 問發行商攞電影就得啦， 門檻一啲都唔高。 炒碟餸你都要炒得好味啲， 但純粹播放電影，套電影又唔係你拍㗎， 你唔需要太多知識，有地方就得啦。第三個 BAD。
(4) Threat of Substitutes 代替品的威脅。 正如商舖最大嘅代替品就係網購。 去戲院睇戲最大嘅代替品，就係喺屋企睇或者甚至乎唔睇，打機上網youtube 算數。第四個 BAD。
(5) Internal Rivalry 內部競爭的激烈程度。 香港好多戲院，背後老闆都係大財團或地產發展商。 例如MCL 係麗新林建岳嘅，英皇院線就係楊受成嘅。 大財團大把錢， 獨立嘅院線真係好難做。第五個 BAD。
(6) Availability of Complements 互補商品的存在。 多咗馬路，就會多咗車。 馬路係車嘅 complement. 上網快咗，就多啲人睇 youtube 。 網絡嘅速度就係 youtube 嘅 complement. 越多互補效應，對個行業越好。 但戲院睇戲? 互補效應咁多年嚟都冇乜改變過，反而個個係 屋企睇電視螢幕大咗， 上網快咗， 音響靚咗，因此想睇戲，個個都少咗出街，留喺屋企睇好過。不進則退， 戲院嘅互補商品，第六個都係 BAD。
根據哈佛教授 Michael Porter 嘅 Competitive Six Forces 理論，香港做戲院就係一個 6-Star Crappy Business. You have an untenable position。 「六星級垃圾生意」， 你有個「站不住腳」的位置。I'm sorry, you can hate, 你鬧爆我 it's OK，但這是事實。 因此近年幾乎無一間院線賺到大錢， 一個浪冚埋來，就好容易全線倒閉。 就好似好多年前嘅卡拉OK咁， 當個個人係屋企都唱到歌或者多咗其他娛樂， 好多卡拉OK連鎖店都會結業。
你做生意都要諗下， 你個行頭以上嗰六種動力又點呢? Michael Porter 話你唔需要個個中曬， 嗰六個動力唔係一個計分制。你只係需要中致命嘅一個就已經可能玩完。
例如華為手機，過份依賴美國晶片供應商的話， 一受制裁，就好容易站唔住腳。 我做商舖基金都一樣，過份依賴某一個投資者亦唔健康。Bargaining power of one buyer 會太大。
要抗衡以上六種力量，如果你做生意醒目嘅話，就應該盡量推出啲新產品或新經營模式，將嗰六種動力由 BAD 轉做 GOOD，由 GOOD 成為 GREAT! 點轉? 有機會喺我嘅早餐會再同你小組詳談更多， 短短幾分鐘講唔曬。總之記住 UA 院線結業， 可能只係一個開始。 有好多行業以上六種力量都是差的話， 要扭轉乾坤，就必須馬上改變。Good luck!
李根興 Edwin
聯絡李根興 Edwin whatsapp (+852) 90361143
www.edwinlee.com.hk
#做生意的六大動力 #UA戲院結業啟示
【Joshua Wong speaking to the Italian Senate】#意大利國會研討會演說 —— 呼籲世界在大學保衛戰一週年後與香港人站在同一陣線
中文、意大利文演說全文：https://www.patreon.com/posts/44167118
感謝開創未來基金會（Fondazione Farefuturo）邀請，讓我透過視像方式在意大利國會裡舉辦的研討會發言，呼籲世界繼續關注香港，與香港人站在同一陣線。
意大利作為絕無僅有參與一帶一路發展的國家，理應對中共打壓有更全面的理解，如今正值大學保衛戰一週年，以致大搜捕的時刻，當打壓更為嚴峻，香港更需要世界與我們同行。
為了讓各地朋友也能更了解香港狀況，我已在Patreon發佈當天演說的中文、英文和意大利文發言稿，盼望在如此困難的時勢裡，繼續讓世界知道我們未曾心息的反抗意志。
【The Value of Freedom: Burning Questions for Hong Kongers】
Good morning. I have the privilege today to share some of my thoughts and reflections about freedom, after taking part in social activism for eight years in Hong Kong. A movement calling for the withdrawal of the extradition law starting from last year had escalated into a demand for democracy and freedom. This city used to be prestigious for being the world’s most liberal economy, but now the infamous authoritarian government took away our freedom to election, freedom of assembly, freedom of expression and ideas.
Sometimes, we cannot avoid questioning the cause we are fighting for, the value of freedom. Despite a rather bleak prospect, why do we have to continue in this struggle? Why do we have to cherish freedom? What can we do to safeguard freedom at home and stay alert to attacks on freedom? In answering these questions, I hope to walk through three episodes in the previous year.
Turning to 2020, protests are not seen as frequently as they used to be on the media lens, partly because of the pandemic, but more importantly for the authoritarian rule. While the world is busy fighting the pandemic, our government took advantage of the virus to exert a tighter grip over our freedom. Putting the emergency laws in place, public assemblies in Hong Kong were banned. Most recently, a rally to support press freedom organized by journalists was also forbidden. While many people may ask if it is the end of street activism, ahead of us in the fight for freedom is another battleground: the court and the prison.
Freedom Fighters in Courtrooms and in Jail
Part of the huge cost incurred in the fight for freedom and democracy in Hong Kong is the increasing judicial casualties. As of today, more than 10 thousand people have been arrested since the movement broke out, more than a hundred of them are already locked up in prison. Among the 2,300 protestors who are prosecuted, 700 of them may be sentenced up to ten years for rioting charges.
Putting these figures into context, I wish to tell you what life is like, as a youngster in today’s Hong Kong. I was humbled by a lot of younger protestors and students whose exceptional maturity are demonstrated in courtrooms and in prison. What is thought to be normal university life is completely out of the question because very likely the neighbour next door or the roommate who cooked you lunch today will be thrown to jail on the next.
I do prison visits a few times a month to talk to activists who are facing criminal charges or serving sentences for their involvement in the movement. It is not just a routine of my political work, but it becomes my life as an activist. Since the movement, prison visits has also become the daily lives of many families.
But it is always an unpleasant experience passing through the iron gates one after one to enter the visitors’ room, speaking to someone who is deprived of liberty, for a selflessly noble cause. As an activist serving three brief jail terms, I understand that the banality of the four walls is not the most difficult to endure in jail. What is more unbearable is the control of thought and ideas in every single part of our daily routine enforced by the prison system. It will diminish your ability to think critically and the worst of it will persuade you to give up on what you are fighting for, if you have not prepared it well. Three years ago when I wrote on the first page of prison letters, which later turned into a publication called the ‘Unfree Speech’, I was alarmed at the environment of the prison cell. Those letters were written in a state in which freedom was deprived of and in which censorship was obvious. It brings us to question ourselves: other than physical constraints like prison bars, what makes us continue in the fight for freedom and democracy?
Mutual Support to activists behind-the-scene
The support for this movement is undiminished over these 17 months. There are many beautiful parts in the movement that continue to revitalise the ways we contribute to this city, instead of making money on our own in the so-called global financial centre. In particular, it is the fraternity, the mutual assistance among protestors that I cherished the most.
As more protestors are arrested, people offer help and assistance wholeheartedly -- we sit in court hearings even if we don’t know each other, and do frequent prison visits and write letters to protesters in detention. In major festivals and holidays, people gathered outside the prison to chant slogans so that they won’t feel alone and disconnected. This is the most touching part to me for I also experienced life in jail.
The cohesion, the connection and bonding among protestors are the cornerstone to the movement. At the same time, these virtues gave so much empowerment to the mass public who might not be able to fight bravely in the escalating protests. These scenes are not able to be captured by cameras, but I’m sure it is some of the most important parts of Hong Kong’s movement that I hope the world will remember.
I believe this mutual support transcends nationality or territory because the value of freedom does not alter in different places. More recently, Twelve Hongkong activists, all involved in the movement last year, were kidnapped by China’s coastal guard when fleeing to Taiwan for political refugee in late-August. All of them are now detained secretly in China, with the youngest aged only 16. We suspect they are under torture during detention and we call for help on the international level, putting up #SAVE12 campaign on twitter. In fact, how surprising it is to see people all over the world standing with the dozen detained protestors for the same cause. I’m moved by activists in Italy, who barely knew these Hong Kong activists, even took part in a hunger strike last month calling for immediate release of them. This form of interconnectivity keeps us in spirit and to continue our struggle to freedom and democracy.
Understanding Value of freedom in the university battle
A year ago on this day, Hong Kong was embroiled in burning clashes as the police besieged the Polytechnic University. It was a day we will not forget and this wound is still bleeding in the hearts of many Hong Kongers. A journalist stationed in the university at that time once told me that being at the scene could only remind him of the Tiananmen Square Massacre 31 years ago in Beijing. There was basically no exit except going for the dangerous sewage drains.
That day, thousands of people, old or young, flocked to districts close to the university before dawn, trying to rescue protestors trapped inside the campus. The reinforcements faced grave danger too, for police raided every corner of the small streets and alleys, arresting a lot of them. Among the 800+ arrested on a single day, 213 people were charged with rioting. For sure these people know there will be repercussions. It is the conscience driving them to take to the streets regardless of the danger, the conscience that we should stand up to brutality and authoritarianism, and ultimately to fight for freedoms that are guaranteed in our constitution. As my dear friend, Brian Leung once said, ‘’Hong Kong Belongs to Everyone Who Shares Its Pain’’. I believe the value of freedom is exemplified through our compassion to whom we love, so much that we are willing to sacrifice the freedom of our own.
Defending freedom behind the bars
No doubt there is a terrible price to pay in standing up to the Beijing and Hong Kong government. But after serving a few brief jail sentences and facing the continuing threat of harassment, I learnt to cherish the freedom I have for now, and I shall devote every bit what I have to strive for the freedom of those who have been ruthlessly denied.
The three episodes I shared with you today -- the courtroom, visiting prisoners and the battle of university continue to remind me of the fact that the fight for freedom has not ended yet. In the coming months, I will be facing a maximum of 5 years in jail for unauthorized assembly and up to one ridiculous year for wearing a mask in protest. But prison bars would never stop me from activism and thinking critically.
I only wish that during my absence, you can continue to stand with the people of Hong Kong, by following closely to the development, no matter the ill-fated election, the large-scale arrest under National Security Law or the twelve activists in China. To defy the greatest human rights abusers is the essential way to restore democracy of our generation, and the generation following us.
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
💪小額支持我的獨家分析及文章：https://bit.ly/joshuawonghk
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【哈佛知識分享 - 六大行業推動力】UA院線結業對做生意面對行業有什麼啟示?
相信大家最近都聽到UA院線停業嘅消息，當然大家都覺得好可惜。 我都曾經去UA睇過唔少電影。
但我好想重做生意角度同你分析下UA停業嘅啟示。我只想講實話。
哈佛其中一個最出名嘅商學院教授 Michael Porter， 佢話做任何生意都要留意 Competitive Six Forces 《六種行業競爭推動力》。
這六種動力， 就奠定了成個行業的定利潤潛力。 如果六個都係差嘅，你有一個叫做 6-Star Crappy Business. You have an untenable position。 中文翻譯做「六星級垃圾生意」， 你有個「站不住腳」的位置。
邊6個?
(1) Bargaining Power of Buyers 買家的議價能力。 買家唔好襯你，容唔容易幫襯第二個? 相信喺戲院嘅行業，唔去呢間，就去另一間㗎喇。 加上張單是一次性，又唔係收月費/年費，亦都冇合約綁住， 因此買家議價能力好強。 第一個 BAD!
(2) Bargaining Power of Suppliers 供應商的議價能力。戲院五成嘅成本去咗租金， 霎時間佢要搬走亦都唔鍾意， 喺香港幾大發展商話晒事， 因此戲院供應商的議價能力又係好強。第二個 BAD。
(3) Barriers to Entry 入行門檻。 你同我好少話突然間會開間戲院，但好多地產發展商都會投資做戲院。 技術水平唔需要高， 又冇話乜嘢特別版權， 問發行商攞電影就得啦， 門檻一啲都唔高。 炒碟餸你都要炒得好味啲， 但純粹播放電影，套電影又唔係你拍㗎， 你唔需要太多知識，有地方就得啦。第三個 BAD。
(4) Threat of Substitutes 代替品的威脅。 正如商舖最大嘅代替品就係網購。 去戲院睇戲最大嘅代替品，就係喺屋企睇或者甚至乎唔睇，打機上網youtube 算數。第四個 BAD。
(5) Internal Rivalry 內部競爭的激烈程度。 香港好多戲院，背後老闆都係大財團或地產發展商。 例如MCL 係麗新林建岳嘅，英皇院線就係楊受成嘅。 大財團大把錢， 獨立嘅院線真係好難做。第五個 BAD。
(6) Availability of Complements 互補商品的存在。 多咗馬路，就會多咗車。 馬路係車嘅 complement. 上網快咗，就多啲人睇 youtube 。 網絡嘅速度就係 youtube 嘅 complement. 越多互補效應，對個行業越好。 但戲院睇戲? 互補效應咁多年嚟都冇乜改變過，反而個個係 屋企睇電視螢幕大咗， 上網快咗， 音響靚咗，因此想睇戲，個個都少咗出街，留喺屋企睇好過。不進則退， 戲院嘅互補商品，第六個都係 BAD。
根據哈佛教授 Michael Porter 嘅 Competitive Six Forces 理論，香港做戲院就係一個 6-Star Crappy Business. You have an untenable position。 「六星級垃圾生意」， 你有個「站不住腳」的位置。I'm sorry, you can hate, 你鬧爆我 it's OK，但這是事實。 因此近年幾乎無一間院線賺到大錢， 一個浪冚埋來，就好容易全線倒閉。 就好似好多年前嘅卡拉OK咁， 當個個人係屋企都唱到歌或者多咗其他娛樂， 好多卡拉OK連鎖店都會結業。
你做生意都要諗下， 你個行頭以上嗰六種動力又點呢? Michael Porter 話你唔需要個個中曬， 嗰六個動力唔係一個計分制。你只係需要中致命嘅一個就已經可能玩完。
例如華為手機，過份依賴美國晶片供應商的話， 一受制裁，就好容易站唔住腳。 我做商舖基金都一樣，過份依賴某一個投資者亦唔健康。Bargaining power of one buyer 會太大。
要抗衡以上六種力量，如果你做生意醒目嘅話，就應該盡量推出啲新產品或新經營模式，將嗰六種動力由 BAD 轉做 GOOD，由 GOOD 成為 GREAT! 點轉? 有機會喺我嘅早餐會再同你小組詳談更多， 短短幾分鐘講唔曬。總之記住 UA 院線結業， 可能只係一個開始。 有好多行業以上六種力量都是差的話， 要扭轉乾坤，就必須馬上改變。Good luck!
李根興 Edwin
聯絡李根興 Edwin whatsapp (+852) 90361143
www.edwinlee.com.hk
#做生意六大動力，#戲院結業啟示
threat中文 在 Evolving Threat Landscape (中文字幕) - YouTube 的美食出口停車場
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