【常出現的人臉畫】
還記得早前介紹過的靜物肖像畫嗎?那種異想天開令人印象深刻,今次則為大家介紹另一類奇思妙想的主題,它曾叫中世紀後期和文藝復興時期的藝術家樂此不疲,畫了又畫,簡直到了現代迷因的地步,那就是人臉地形畫(Anthropomorphic Landscapes)。
比較典型的人臉地形畫,可以從德國神父兼學者Athanasius Kircher的蝕刻版畫(圖一)說起,在他的書作《The Great Art of Light and Shadow》中,畫了一名留鬍子的男人仰躺的側寫,高低起伏的輪廓線形成山體的地勢。Kircher 曾解釋,這幅畫是受古羅馬建築師狄諾克拉底(Dinocrates of Rhodes)的一個建築構思啟發而畫,據說狄諾克拉底曾計劃將亞歷山大大帝的肖像刻上阿索斯山(Mount Athos)。
除了Kircher外,不少畫家都畫過人臉地形畫,例如波希米亞藝術家 Wenceslas Hollar 的版本(圖二),頭髮與鬍子部分都經過「修剪」,較為精美;另一版本,相傳為瑞士藝術家 Matthäus Merian the Elder所畫,將下巴畫得更為凸出,猶如一個小山坡(圖三);18世紀有德國藝術家以不同大陸為名,繪畫人臉地形版畫系列,貼圖顯示的是其中一幅──亞洲《Asia》(圖四);除此之外,佳士德 2004 年的拍賣品目錄中亦有兩幅17世紀標示為「Flemish School」(法蘭德斯畫派,15-17世紀在荷蘭和比利時一帶的繪畫派別之一)的人臉地形畫(圖五、六),與 Kircher 版本非常近似。
作品資料:
圖1 1646年 德國 Athanasius Kircher
出自書作《The Great Art of Light and Shadow》
雕版 印刷
德國 Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 圖書館藏
圖2 17世紀 捷克(前波希米亞) Wenceslaus Hollar
《Landscape shaped like a face》
縱14cm,橫20cm
雕版 印刷
加拿大托馬斯.費舍善本圖書館藏
圖3 約1650年 瑞士 (傳)Matthäus Merian the Elder
《Anthropomorphic Landscape》
縱41cm,橫53.5com
布面 油畫
以色列博物館藏
圖4 18世紀 德國 佚名
《Asia》
縱16cm,橫27com
蝕刻 版畫
以色列博物館藏
圖5、6 17世紀 佚名
Anthropomorphic Landscape
布面 油畫
(每幅)縱51.5cm,66.7cm
私人收藏
📸 Wikimedia Commons、publicdomainreview.org
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【#重要資訊請廣傳🇮🇹】日前中國官媒、微信、香港藍媒鋪天蓋地宣傳,「武漢肺炎源自意大利」,唯一的source,就是引述意大利醫生Giuseppe Remuzzi接受美國電台訪問的一句話,再斷章取義,昨天我們已經解釋過。
一位手足為了求真,專門發電郵向Dr Remuzzi本人詢問,從這位意大利專家的以下回覆,可明確知道他的原意:不但肯定武漢肺炎源自武漢,而且懷疑早在10月尾,武漢可能已出現武漢肺炎感染,但中國政府沒有公佈,期間可能大量中國人從武漢來到意大利,令意大利出現了一些疑似案例,由於一切來自中國的資訊都不透明,才令疫情失去控制的黃金時機。整個訊息,和中國官媒宣傳的完全相反,fake news之意,莫此為甚。
Dear XXX,
The only thing I said was that some general practitioners candidly told me of having observed a few cases of severe pneumonia already in late November and December, which is not unexpected, since the majority of contagions are coming from asymptomatic people who likely travelled from China before the Chinese authorities communicated that this outbreak had occurred. Attached is my answer to the journalists who have contacted me.
//Quoting the answer:
I repeat, none of these cases have been documented as Covid-19 because there was no evidence yet of the existence of Covid-19.
In any case, we can be certain that the virus emerged in Wuhan first, where it had probably been circulating for some time before it was made public in China, and the genetics confirm this beyond a shadow of a doubt. It arrived in Italy through a German person who had been in contact with a Chinese person, as you can see in the NEJM paper (DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2001468). The strongest evidence of the fact that the current Covid-19 derives from bats and pangolins is reported in an article in Nature Medicine (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9) recently published, which shows almost identical sequences. Commercial activities using bats and pangolins are very well documented in Wuhan market, which was almost certainly the source of the outbreak. The question now is for how long the virus was circulating in China before health authorities understood the dimension of the problem. Considering the incubation period, I would not be surprised if asymptomatic individuals had been moving around China and travelling abroad in December and maybe even earlier.
In my opinion, there is no doubt that the virus arrived in Italy from China based on genetic studies just reported in Nature Medicine. However, one has to consider the possibility that, rather understandably, the emergence of this unfortunate event in China probably occurred long before health authorities realised it,considering the number of asymptomatic carriers, which isnow extremely well documented in the paper published in Science (DOI:10.1126/science.abb3221).//
By the way, I think you should probably investigate an event that was organised in Wuhan at the end of October (see attached). We know from the paper published in Science that 80% of contagions occur through people who are asymptomatic; you can imagine how many people arrived in Italy from Wuhan in that precise period of time.
Please see also a statement by Daniel Lucey, an infectious disease specialist at Georgetown University and the Lancet paper attached.
Best regards,
Giuseppe Remuzzi//
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【#重要資訊請廣傳🇮🇹】日前中國官媒、微信、香港藍媒鋪天蓋地宣傳,「武漢肺炎源自意大利」,唯一的source,就是引述意大利醫生Giuseppe Remuzzi接受美國電台訪問的一句話,再斷章取義,昨天我們已經解釋過。
一位手足為了求真,專門發電郵向Dr Remuzzi本人詢問,從這位意大利專家的以下回覆,可明確知道他的原意:不但肯定武漢肺炎源自武漢,而且懷疑早在10月尾,武漢可能已出現武漢肺炎感染,但中國政府沒有公佈,期間可能大量中國人從武漢來到意大利,令意大利出現了一些疑似案例,由於一切來自中國的資訊都不透明,才令疫情失去控制的黃金時機。整個訊息,和中國官媒宣傳的完全相反,fake news之意,莫此為甚。
Dear XXX,
The only thing I said was that some general practitioners candidly told me of having observed a few cases of severe pneumonia already in late November and December, which is not unexpected, since the majority of contagions are coming from asymptomatic people who likely travelled from China before the Chinese authorities communicated that this outbreak had occurred. Attached is my answer to the journalists who have contacted me.
//Quoting the answer:
I repeat, none of these cases have been documented as Covid-19 because there was no evidence yet of the existence of Covid-19.
In any case, we can be certain that the virus emerged in Wuhan first, where it had probably been circulating for some time before it was made public in China, and the genetics confirm this beyond a shadow of a doubt. It arrived in Italy through a German person who had been in contact with a Chinese person, as you can see in the NEJM paper (DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2001468). The strongest evidence of the fact that the current Covid-19 derives from bats and pangolins is reported in an article in Nature Medicine (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9) recently published, which shows almost identical sequences. Commercial activities using bats and pangolins are very well documented in Wuhan market, which was almost certainly the source of the outbreak. The question now is for how long the virus was circulating in China before health authorities understood the dimension of the problem. Considering the incubation period, I would not be surprised if asymptomatic individuals had been moving around China and travelling abroad in December and maybe even earlier.
In my opinion, there is no doubt that the virus arrived in Italy from China based on genetic studies just reported in Nature Medicine. However, one has to consider the possibility that, rather understandably, the emergence of this unfortunate event in China probably occurred long before health authorities realised it,considering the number of asymptomatic carriers, which isnow extremely well documented in the paper published in Science (DOI:10.1126/science.abb3221).//
By the way, I think you should probably investigate an event that was organised in Wuhan at the end of October (see attached). We know from the paper published in Science that 80% of contagions occur through people who are asymptomatic; you can imagine how many people arrived in Italy from Wuhan in that precise period of time.
Please see also a statement by Daniel Lucey, an infectious disease specialist at Georgetown University and the Lancet paper attached.
Best regards,
Giuseppe Remuzzi//
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