關於 peep oxygenation ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

《資訊分享》轉發
2019-nCoV airway management suggestions

有些醫院的RT必須協助插管，因應臉書直接轉發會受限受眾群體，在此重新整理跟RT相關的內容，詳細原文說明請至原作者的臉書觀看

▶️林立偉醫師(原作者)整理，原文連結

https://www.facebook.com/100000739402186/posts/3040910869276863/?d=n

#FOAMed 版的 2019-nCoV airway management suggestions，沒有RCT實証 ，是綜合實務上和學理上的經驗及根據 邱敬棠 （Ching-Tang Chiu） 石崇志 UncleDa Huang及 James DuCanto 等醫師們的分享及建議所寫成

▶️感謝 Sandra Hsu 提供的BVM+Filter+Mask圖

🔽RT相關插管內容

(1) 插管裝備
✅全套個人防護裝備
✅護目鏡‼️
❌防護面罩:不足以保護眼睛

(2) 插管時機
✅早插、選擇性的插管
⛔️晚插：通常血氧低、血壓低，是生理性困難插管，能插的安全窒息時間有限(safe apnea time), 且常需正壓給氧血氧才達標
⛔️緊急插：醫護人員安全著裝時間不夠，增加醫護人員的風險

(3)插管前給氧(pre-oxygenation)
🅰️NRM 15 lpm及 NC 15 lpm至少給**五分鐘**

🅱️15 lpm BVM+PEEP 10 cmH2O+**HEPA filter**+(ECTO2)，同時病人戴上NC 15 lpm，面罩緊緊的扣在病人臉上
✅讓病人**自發呼吸**
❌千萬不能bagging‼️

B方案條件：病人配合及有能力扣好BVM，若病人不配合亂動或扣的不好，反而使醫護人員暴露的病毒量更大。

⛔️不以任何正壓方式給氧
❌bagging
❌BIPAP
❌CPAP
❌HFNO：流速高達60-70 lpm，有很高的疑慮噴出病毒***

(4)藥物給予
✅可考慮給glycorryolate ：
減少口腔的分泌物，減少插管時分泌物的飛濺及遮住插管視野；若無glycorryolate，可用atropine取代，但效果較差，且有心跳快的副作用

一定要打足量的RSI‼️

✅ 打Rocuronium ：
打Rocuronium 比 Succinylcholine 好，而且一定要打足至少 1.2 mg/kg 以上，才會倒的跟Succinylcholine一樣快，也才可以維持長時間的paralysis ，減少病人咳嗽或跟呼吸器拮抗。

✅Ketamine/Etomidate (有adrenal suppression 的疑慮)/propofol/midazolam：選擇您熟悉的藥物

✅反順序打RSI 先打Rocuronium再打Ketamine，病人理論上倒的更快。打完Rocuronium 一定要等60sec 才會作用完全，才能開始插管

(5)插管前分泌物抽吸
✅硬式抽吸管(楊格式或DuCanto catheter)清除呼吸道的分泌物及痰液
⛔️不建議使用抽痰管：管徑小抽吸速度慢，又難控制。

(6) 插管時
✅要插管時才拿掉 NRM 或 BVM+PEEP，靠 NC 15 lpm 窒息給氧，維持血氧
✅必用拋棄式影像式喉頭鏡‼️
✅建議用ETCO2確認ETT的位置：全副武裝下無法戴聽診器確認ETT位置

(7)插管不成功，血氧開始掉
❌千萬不要正壓通氣
✅直接插上SGA (Laryngeal tube/LMA/Igel)+ low pressure (<20 cm H2O) PCV‼️
⛔️BVM ：手壓容易壓力過高
⛔️VC ：也容易壓力過高，高過SGA跟上呼吸道密合的壓力，氣體就會溢出到體外；也有可能灌到食道打開擴約肌造成regurgitation。這二種情境都會造成病毒飛濺

#Wuhan #2019nCoV #intubation
#airwaymanagement

《資訊分享》轉發
2019-nCoV airway management suggestions

有些醫院的RT必須協助插管，因應臉書直接轉發會受限受眾群體，在此重新整理跟RT相關的內容，詳細原文說明請至原作者的臉書觀看

▶️林立偉醫師(原作者)整理，原文連結

https://www.facebook.com/100000739402186/posts/3040910869276863/?d=n

#FOAMed 版的 2019-nCoV airway management suggestions，沒有RCT實証 ，是綜合實務上和學理上的經驗及根據 邱敬棠 （Ching-Tang Chiu） 石崇志 UncleDa Huang及 James DuCanto 等醫師們的分享及建議所寫成

▶️感謝 Sandra Hsu 提供的BVM+Filter+Mask圖

🔽RT相關插管內容

(1) 插管裝備
✅全套個人防護裝備
✅護目鏡‼️
❌防護面罩:不足以保護眼睛

(2) 插管時機
✅早插、選擇性的插管
⛔️晚插：通常血氧低、血壓低，是生理性困難插管，能插的安全窒息時間有限(safe apnea time), 且常需正壓給氧血氧才達標
⛔️緊急插：醫護人員安全著裝時間不夠，增加醫護人員的風險

(3)插管前給氧(pre-oxygenation)
🅰️NRM 15 lpm及 NC 15 lpm至少給**五分鐘**

🅱️15 lpm BVM+PEEP 10 cmH2O+**HEPA filter**+(ECTO2)，同時病人戴上NC 15 lpm，面罩緊緊的扣在病人臉上
✅讓病人**自發呼吸**
❌千萬不能bagging‼️

B方案條件：病人配合及有能力扣好BVM，若病人不配合亂動或扣的不好，反而使醫護人員暴露的病毒量更大。

⛔️不以任何正壓方式給氧
❌bagging
❌BIPAP
❌CPAP
❌HFNO：流速高達60-70 lpm，有很高的疑慮噴出病毒***

(4)藥物給予
✅可考慮給glycorryolate ：
減少口腔的分泌物，減少插管時分泌物的飛濺及遮住插管視野；若無glycorryolate，可用atropine取代，但效果較差，且有心跳快的副作用

一定要打足量的RSI‼️

✅ 打Rocuronium ：
打Rocuronium 比 Succinylcholine 好，而且一定要打足至少 1.2 mg/kg 以上，才會倒的跟Succinylcholine一樣快，也才可以維持長時間的paralysis ，減少病人咳嗽或跟呼吸器拮抗。

✅Ketamine/Etomidate (有adrenal suppression 的疑慮)/propofol/midazolam：選擇您熟悉的藥物

✅反順序打RSI 先打Rocuronium再打Ketamine，病人理論上倒的更快。打完Rocuronium 一定要等60sec 才會作用完全，才能開始插管

(5)插管前分泌物抽吸
✅硬式抽吸管(楊格式或DuCanto catheter)清除呼吸道的分泌物及痰液
⛔️不建議使用抽痰管：管徑小抽吸速度慢，又難控制。

(6) 插管時
✅要插管時才拿掉 NRM 或 BVM+PEEP，靠 NC 15 lpm 窒息給氧，維持血氧
✅必用拋棄式影像式喉頭鏡‼️
✅建議用ETCO2確認ETT的位置：全副武裝下無法戴聽診器確認ETT位置

(7)插管不成功，血氧開始掉
❌千萬不要正壓通氣
✅直接插上SGA (Laryngeal tube/LMA/Igel)+ low pressure (<20 cm H2O) PCV‼️
⛔️BVM ：手壓容易壓力過高
⛔️VC ：也容易壓力過高，高過SGA跟上呼吸道密合的壓力，氣體就會溢出到體外；也有可能灌到食道打開擴約肌造成regurgitation。這二種情境都會造成病毒飛濺

#Wuhan #2019nCoV #intubation
#airwaymanagement

ARDS 的血行動力學

Experts’ opinion on management of hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is frequently associated with hemodynamic instability which appears as the main factor associated with mortality. Shock is driven by pulmonary hypertension, deleterious effects of mechanical ventilation (MV) on right ventricular (RV) function, and associated-sepsis. Hemodynamic effects of ventilation are due to changes in pleural pressure (Ppl) and changes in transpulmonary pressure (TP). TP affects RV afterload, whereas changes in Ppl affect venous return. Tidal forces and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in direct proportion to their effects on mean airway pressure (mPaw). The acutely injured lung has a reduced capacity to accommodate flowing blood and increases of blood flow accentuate fluid filtration. The dynamics of vascular pressure may contribute to ventilator-induced injury (VILI). In order to optimize perfusion, improve gas exchange, and minimize VILI risk, monitoring hemodynamics is important.
During passive ventilation pulse pressure variations are a predictor of fluid responsiveness when conditions to ensure its validity are observed, but may also reflect afterload effects of MV. Central venous pressure can be helpful to monitor the response of RV function to treatment. Echocardiography is suitable to visualize the RV and to detect acute cor pulmonale (ACP), which occurs in 20–25 % of cases. Inserting a pulmonary artery catheter may be useful to measure/calculate pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance, and cardiac output. These last two indexes may be misleading, however, in cases of West zones 2 or 1 and tricuspid regurgitation associated with RV dilatation. Transpulmonary thermodilution may be useful to evaluate extravascular lung water and the pulmonary vascular permeability index. To ensure adequate intravascular volume is the first goal of hemodynamic support in patients with shock. The benefit and risk balance of fluid expansion has to be carefully evaluated since it may improve systemic perfusion but also may decrease ventilator-free days, increase pulmonary edema, and promote RV failure. ACP can be prevented or treated by applying RV protective MV (low driving pressure, limited hypercapnia, PEEP adapted to lung recruitability) and by prone positioning. In cases of shock that do not respond to intravascular fluid administration, norepinephrine infusion and vasodilators inhalation may improve RV function. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has the potential to be the cause of, as well as a remedy for, hemodynamic problems. Continuous thermodilution-based and pulse contour analysis-based cardiac output monitoring are not recommended in patients treated with ECMO, since the results are frequently inaccurate. Extracorporeal CO2 removal, which could have the capability to reduce hypercapnia/acidosis-induced ACP, cannot currently be recommended because of the lack of sufficient data.
http://bit.ly/1Xdb1Kv