關於 operating cost中文 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

Retail Today | Global News: Muji Is Struggling from Overseas Markets 今日零售 | 全球視點: 無印良品 海外市場的巨大挑戰 (中文在下)

In April, Muji's parent company Ryohin Keikaku Co. reported its first decline in operating profit in eight years and a financial outlook below analysts’ expectations, as well as a rare drop in same-store sales in China.

Investors are worried: After the value of the company almost tripled from 2013 to 2018, Ryohin Keikaku shares have declined nearly 40% in the past year.

President Satoru Matsuzaki has embarked on new ventures like Muji-branded hotels and Muji-designed buses while pushing into new markets such as India and Switzerland. To drive growth, he’s now taking steps like shifting production to cheaper locations and designing products specifically for Chinese consumers.

However, Muji still requires a faster adjustment to its overseas sales strategies. Muji always expanded to other countries with the same items it sells in Japan, assuming that its product range needs little translation for overseas consumers. That works well enough for, say, pencil cases, but not necessarily other items: It took Muji a decade in China to introduce sheets that fit standard Chinese beds.

Meanwhile, Muji’s “no brand” branding and straightforward, unchanging designs have made it a prime target for low-cost Chinese copycats. Muji’s prices are considerably more expensive outside of Japan due to taxes and tariffs, and a cottage industry of Chinese competitors like Miniso, Nome and OCE has sprung up to offer the same aesthetic for a fraction of the cost.

To avoid the price competition, Muji plans to produce more of its items in the countries where they’re sold. Next year, the company will roll out over 200 made-in-India products for its local stores. It’s also shifting more production to Southeast Asia, where labor is cheap.

In China, it opened its first development office in September, with employees responsible for monitoring local lifestyle trends⁠—a belated acknowledgment that Tokyo-based designers may not have the necessary insight into Chinese desires. Not everything will be internationalized, however. Muji will continue to make cosmetics, for example, in Japan, as the promise of high-quality raw materials is part of their allure.

Given how quickly its low-cost imitators have moved, Muji faces an uphill battle in China. And there and elsewhere, its ambition to become a global retail behemoth to match Uniqlo may require some of the strategic compromises made by other mass retailers—whittling its 7,000 products down to those of greatest sales potential, manufacturing items for speed rather than durability, and opening large locations in expensive shopping districts.

今年四月，無印良品的母公司 Ryohin Keikaku Co. 報告中顯示，8年來他們的營業利潤首次下滑、財務前景低於分析師的預期，以及中國同店銷售額出現罕見的衰退。

投資者擔心，在2013年至2018年間，公司價值幾乎翻了三倍之後，Ryohin Keikaku 股價卻在過去一年中，下跌了將近40％。

品牌董事長 Satoru Matsuzaki 已開展新的企業體，包括開設無印良品酒店、無印良品設計的巴士，同一時間也進軍印度和瑞士等新市場。為了推動增長，他正在採取新措施，例如將生產工廠轉移到成本更便宜的地方，並專門為了中國消費者設計產品。

然而，無印良品仍需要更快速調整海外銷售策略。Muji 在拓展到其他國家時，多半採取與日本銷售產品相同的策略，也就是假定自家產品到其他市場販售，並不需要太多的修改或客製化。這對鉛筆盒這類商品是還不錯，但卻不一定可以複製到其他品項；舉例來說，無印良品實際上花了十年，才推出適合中國標準床尺寸的床單。

同時，無印良品的「無品牌」品牌、直觀和一成不變的設計，使它變成中國低成本仿冒商的主要目標。由於稅收和關稅的影響，無印良品在日本以外的價格相當昂貴，而Miniso，Nome和OCE等中國競爭對手，透過大量的家庭手工業製造，只需花費很少的成品，就能為消費者提供相同的生活美學。

為了避免落入價格競爭，無印良品計劃在其銷售的國家生產更多產品。明年，他們將為印度門市推出200多種當地製造的產品。還計畫將更多產品轉移到勞動力便宜的東南亞。

在中國，無印良品在去年九月成立第一個開發辦公室，員工負責觀察、搜集當地的生活方式趨勢 - 這也代表著無印良品終於承認，在東京的設計師不見得了解中國當地消費者真正的需求。然而，並非需要把一切都做到國際化。例如，無印良品選擇繼續在日本生產化妝品，因為日本所代表的高品質原材料是一項承諾，仍對消費者存在著重大的吸引力。

因為低成本仿造商的快速推進，無印良品在中國正面臨著一場苦戰。他們將自己定位與全球零售巨頭「優衣庫」齊頭並進的野心，可能需要參考其他大眾零售商一些在戰略上的妥協 - 像是把七千種產品減少，直到只保留最具銷售潛力的品項、快速製造商品而非強調產品的耐久度，以及在高消費購物區開設大型旗艦店等。

《基因：人類最親密的歷史》，莊安祺譯：翻譯問題續探（二）

上一篇po出後有網友希望具體指出問題所在。另外，也得知出版社見文立即商議修改所提段落的翻譯問題：

//昨天與合作夥伴討論了原文翻譯與專業知識 ( 謝謝嘉儀與小安子 )，修正了譯文。覺得身在資訊流通的年代也有很大的好處，量產時代就算我們找盡資源還是力有未逮之處，尤其編輯不是專業人士，更是汗顏，而各路專業人士願意幫我們指出錯誤，讓我很感激，書能有不停修正至更臻完善的機會。//

在一本新書的熱銷期，樂見如此積極的作爲。本文：

一、討論上一篇指出的翻譯問題細節，供出版社參考；

二、討論網友一頁截圖中發現的新問題；

三、再加「博客來」試讀內容第一頁（此書前言的開頭）發現的誤譯。

//Once genes had been implicated in the development of sexual preference, the gay child was instantly transformed to normal. His 【hateful】 enemies were the abnormal monsters.

一旦性偏好的發展牽扯到基因，同性戀的孩子瞬間就變為正常，他【可惡的】敵人才是異常的怪物。//

說明：hateful 有兩個相反的意思，要從語境去弄清楚，這句話看了前文，加上末句有「才是」的對照語氣，意思非常清楚，是「懷著恨、充滿惡意的敵人」倒過來變成異常的怪物，而不是「可惡的敵人」。如果作者意指「可惡的敵人」，就不可能有 His hateful enemies were the abnormal monsters. 這句當中的「反而變成」、「才是」的含意。

hateful + 事物，意思通常很明白，是「可恨的」；hateful + 人，就要小心思考理解了，兩種意思都可能出現，光查字典幫不了你。

//It was boredom, more than activism, that prompted the search for the gay gene. Dean Hamer, a researcher at the National Cancer Institute, was not looking for controversy. He was 【not even looking for himself】. Although openly gay, Hamer had never been particularly intrigued by 【the genetics of any form of identity, sexual or otherwise.】

美國國家癌症研究所（National Cancer Institute）的研究員狄恩・哈默（Dean Hamer）並無意找碴，他甚至【也並不在乎自己的身分】，雖然他已出櫃，但對【任何形式的身分認同、性或其他遺傳學】並無特別興趣。//

說明：

1. not even looking for himself 的 looking 呼應同一段第一句 search for the gay gene（探尋是否有同性戀基因）的 search，兩個字都是「尋找」之意，所以這句意為「他甚至也不是爲了自己去探尋」，因爲下一句便說明原因：原來，他對很多東西根本不太感興趣，會發現同性戀基因，只不過因爲無聊、無意間發現。不懂這英文怎會理解成「不在乎自己的性向/身分」？根本瞎掰！

2. 下一句也很糟糕：Hamer 對「任何形式的身分認同、性或其他遺傳學」三件事不感興趣，中譯意思顯然是三種東西平行並列，但原文怎麼寫？the genetics of any form of identity, sexual or otherwise 這串字所指的，只有一件事，這是一個樹狀結構：of any form of identity 修飾 genetics，而 sexual or otherwise 又修飾 identity，整個合起來理解，就是「性(sexual)或其他方面的任何一種身分認同的遺傳成因」，也就是說，Hamer 對同性戀是否有遺傳成因並不太感興趣。

//He had tried, unsuccessfully, to study medicine at Edinburgh—but, horrified by the “screams of a strapped-down child 【amid the blood and sawdust】 of the . . . 【operating theater】,” had fled medicine to study theology at Christ’s College in Cambridge.

他本在愛丁堡習醫，卻因「【手術劇場】裡被綁縛的兒童【在血汙和鋸屑中】的尖叫」而驚悸，棄醫轉到劍橋大學基督學院研習神學。//
（中譯來自網友提供的截圖）

說明：

1.「手術劇場」真是個荒謬的譯法，operating theater 是醫院的手術示範室、手術觀摩室，像樣的字典會另立條目指出這個意思，不會跟「劇場」的意思混淆。在這樣一個空間，一邊進行手術、一邊讓見習醫師或訪問者居高觀摩，處理的是人命關天的真人真事，怎麼變成虛構故事的「劇場」了？在戰爭語境下，theater 是「戰場」，theater 同時也是「電影院」，也是「戲劇表演」，也可指「看表演的觀衆」（比較古老的用法）。最近有本出版熱烈宣傳的書，書名竟然就叫《手術劇場》，這是一種譁衆取寵的取名手段，不是原書名的直譯，但畢竟那是出版社爲了賣書、吸睛所擁有的權利和自由。在普通的文章裡，不同意義的 theater 就該有合適的譯法，否則要叫讀者如何理解？中國的中文譯法經常大而化之，電腦程式的 macro，和 macroeconomics 的 macro，一律是「宏」字；餐廳的 menu 和應用軟體的 menu 一律稱「菜單」，台灣請不要新創如「手術劇場」、「（二次大戰）歐洲劇場」這種沒水準的糟糕詞彙，中文沒有貧瘠到需要一詞用到底。

話說，香港有個動物醫院，網站有中英雙語介紹文，中文看來像是拙劣的半人工半機器翻譯的內容：
// 他們還接受靜脈輸液的利益，在手術過程中，包括絕育成本。手術是在無菌的方式和手術劇場。//
極爲可笑，不知所云，英文則是：
// They also receive the benefit of intravenous fluids during the surgery inclusive in the neutering cost. The surgery is carried out in a sterile manner and operative theater.//
這段英文拿去餵給 Google Translate 或 Bing 的機器翻譯，出來的結果都還勝過人工，機器都懂得把「operative theater」正確譯為「手術室」。難道現在一些譯者連查一查字典確認字義，或拜現代科技之賜、參考一下機譯結果這兩件事都懶得做了？

2. 同一句中譯裡，「在血汙和鋸屑中的尖叫」太過直譯 amid 這字，尖叫如何能在「鋸屑中」？這 blood and sawdust 指的是從手術臺流到地上的一灘血水，以及傾倒在地上用來吸收血水的木屑，可不是「人體鋸屑」，而木屑並沒有在空氣中亂飄，譯者寫出「在鋸屑中的尖叫」時，腦子不知浮現什麼奇異的「劇場」景象？我好像看到了譯者心中想像著，是不是那小孩的腿被鋸斷時，有「鋸屑」噴飛出來？

以下這一長段落，來自出版社提供的博客來試讀第一頁：

//Jagu—the fourth-born of my father’s siblings—came to live with us in Delhi in 1975, when I was five years old. His mind was also crumbling. Tall and rail thin, with a slightly feral look in his eyes and a shock of matted, overgrown hair, he resembled a Bengali Jim Morrison. Unlike Rajesh, whose illness had surfaced in his twenties, Jagu had been troubled from childhood. Socially awkward, withdrawn to everyone except my grandmother, he was unable to hold a job or live by himself. By 1975, deeper cognitive problems had emerged: he had visions, phantasms, and voices in his head that told him what to do. 【He made up conspiracy theories by the dozens: a banana vendor who sold fruit outside our house was secretly recording Jagu’s behavior. He often spoke to himself, with a particular obsession of reciting made-up train schedules】 (“Shimla to Howrah by Kalka mail, then transfer at Howrah to Shri Jagannath Express to Puri”). He was still capable of extraordinary bursts of tenderness—when I mistakenly smashed a beloved Venetian vase at home, he hid me in his bedclothes and informed my mother that he had “mounds of cash” stashed away that would buy “a thousand” vases in replacement. But 【this episode was symptomatic:】 【even his love for me involved extending the fabric of his psychosis and confabulation.】
一九七五年，當時我五歲，父親的四哥賈古搬來德里與我們同住。他也有精神崩潰的現象。賈古生得又高又瘦，帶著略顯凶悍的眼神和一頭糾結的亂髮，長得就像孟加拉版的美國歌手吉姆．莫理森（Jim Morrison）。和二十歲才發病的拉結什不同的是，他自幼就有精神問題。賈古生性內向畏縮，除了祖母之外，他對任何人都退避三舍，無法工作，生活也不能自理。到了一九七五年，他出現更嚴重的認知問題：幻象、幻覺，聽到腦裡有人指揮他要怎麼做。【他捏造了數十個陰謀：我家門外賣香蕉的小販偷偷記錄了賈古的言行舉止，說他自言自語，特別迷戀自訂的火車行程】 （「由西姆拉搭卡爾卡特郵車到豪拉，然後在豪拉轉札格納斯快車到浦里」）。他依舊會有溫情流露的時刻──有一次我不小心打破了家裡珍藏的威尼斯花瓶，他把我藏在他的被子裡，還告訴我媽他有「成堆的現金」可以買「上千個」花瓶賠償。不過，【這件事其實也說明了】【連他對我的愛都含有思覺失調和虛談症（confabulation）】//

說明：

1. He made up conspiracy theories by the dozens 後接一個冒號，這告訴我們，接下來的那句應該是要舉例陰謀，的確也是。不過，譯者卻誤解了英文，把再下一句的「自言自語」誤認為作者還在講述那陰謀，意思變成小販在無端指控賈古（「說他會自言自語、特別迷戀自訂的火車行程」），因此不是事實，但其實作者僅用一個短句舉例陰謀（a banana vendor who sold fruit outside our house was secretly recording Jagu’s behavior），接著便把主題拉回賈古身上，不再提陰謀，所以賈古的自言自語和覆誦火車行程，都是事實。

改：他捏造了數十個陰謀，例如：指控我們家門外賣香蕉的小販偷偷記錄了他的言行舉止。賈古也經常自言自語，特別執迷於覆誦他捏造的火車行程。

2. this episode was symptomatic 的翻譯頗敷衍，連醫學基本字彙都掌握不好，很令人不放心。symptomatic 是基本義「表現為某疾病的symptom」，不是引申義「某某事物即將發生的徵兆、跡象、預示」(sign, omen, portent)，原譯「說明」，似乎把 symptomatic 理解爲後者而脫離了「病徵、症狀」之意。

symptomatic 後接冒號，表示下一句的內容在解釋、釐清前一句。什麼病的symptom？psychosis 和 confabulation。psychosis 還不能譯為思覺失調，因爲作者到了下一段才交代賈古被醫生正式診斷有思覺失調，這一段，作者對賈古的病症只是稱之為較籠統的 psychosis，譯者不要隨便「劇透」，辜負作者細心的鋪陳。

改：不過，這個小插曲是病徵的展現，連他對我的愛也攙進他的精神錯亂和虛談症(confabulation)。

＊　＊　＊

順便介紹一下，此書除了譯者以外，還有好棒棒的專家「掛名」審訂、導讀，以及一堆名人「掛名」推薦：

臺灣大學生命科學系教授 于宏燦 審訂/導讀

朱雪萍、吳青錫、呂俊毅、李文雄、李家維、阮雪芬、洪蘭、孫以瀚、徐建國、陳沛隆、陳嘉祥、超級歪、董桂書、劉炯朗、鍾明怡、顏擇雅、蘇文慧 各界學者／名人好評推薦

＊　＊　＊

讀不了原文、必須靠翻譯書吸收知識的讀者，請多多運用你批判思考的本能，不要對翻譯照單全收，或誤以爲你自己腦袋有問題。譯文的品質不太可能改善，我們必須反求諸己。

[政府違法扼殺民主, 讓世界再度看見台灣]
.
事情已經鬧上國際, 中選會, 蔡英文政府, 你們還要對年輕生命的犧牲不聞不問嗎?!
.
國際知名環保人士支持以核養綠, 聲援黃士修絕食要求政府依法行政
請蔡英文政府讓人民能公投決定自己想要的能源政策, 而不是政府黑箱決定執行非核家園, 結果只是讓台灣成為排碳家園, 空污家園, 漲價家園
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https://www.facebook.com/michael.shellenberger1/posts/10155378934741895
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Taiwanese Government Sparks Hunger Strike After Rejecting Signatures For Pro-Nuclear Referendum

This is urgent — please share!
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The Taiwanese government is being accused of violating election law after rejecting more than 24,000 signatures gathered by the former president and environmentalists seeking a popular vote on nuclear energy this November.

“I am not asking people to support nuclear power,” said a Shih-Hsiu Huang, 31, the co-founder of Nuclear Myth-Busters, who began a hunger strike in front of the government Central Election Commission (CEC) last Thursday after it rejected the signatures. “I am asking the Taiwanese government to let the people choose.”

In August, Taiwan’s former president, Ma Ying-jeou, endorsed the referendum and joined pro-nuclear environmentalists in the streets of Taipei to gather signatures, drawing new support for the initiative and triggering widespread media coverage.

"Opposing nuclear energy is now an outdated trend," Ma said. "What has become a trend is how to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide to tackle global warming."

The referendum on nuclear power could still qualify for the ballot. Organizers say they had delivered 315,000 signatures on September 6 — more than the 282,000 that the law required.

But the activists say that their odds declined when the government rejected an additional 24,000 signatures that they attempted to deliver on September 13.

“This is malfeasance,” said Tsung-Kuang Yeh, a professor of nuclear engineering at National Tsing Hua University. “First, they kept moving up the deadline — from September 14 to September 10 and then to September 6. Then, they rejected our signatures on September 13.”

Organizers say they delivered additional signatures to increase their chance of qualifying and were rejected on a technicality.

In a statement, the government commission said, “There is very little flexibility in each stage. To follow this stage-by-stage procedure, it is therefore not possible for the CEC to accept a second submittal.”

But Huang says a representative of the government told him by phone, which he video-recorded, on September 12, that she would accept the group’s additional signatures, and even told him which door in the building to enter in order to meet her.

“Twenty-four hours later the CEC changed its mind and slammed the door on us,” said Professor Yeh.

Huang said their signature-gathering benefited from widespread opposition to the current anti-nuclear government. With an approval rating of just 33% , President Tsai Ing-wen saw her popularity decline when half of all households suffered electricity outages last summer due, in part, to the nuclear phase-out.

The rejection of signatures wasn’t the first time Taiwan’s government took actions which the pro-nuclear activists say were designed to thwart their efforts.

Taiwanese law requires that petitioners have at least six months to gather signatures after delivering an initial 2,000 signatures in order to gain permission for the larger signature-gathering effort.

Though they delivered the initial signatures in March, the government only allowed signature-gathering to begin in July.

Solar & wind provide less than 5% of Taiwan’s electricity despite years of large government subsidies.EP

Nuclear power in Taiwan derives its support from environmentalists concerned about land use and climate change and from those concerned about the island-nation’s heavy dependence on energy imports. Taiwan imports 97% of its energy from abroad.

Solar and wind combined provide less than five percent of Taiwan’s electricity last year despite years of heavy government subsidies, while nuclear energy provided 13 percent — and would have provided 23% had Taiwan been operating all of its reactors.

Earlier this year the Tsai government approved a new coal plant, despite recent reports documenting 1,000 premature deaths annually from air pollution from Taiwanese coal plants.

Last October, the climate scientist James Hansen and dozens of other leading environmental scientists and scholars urged President Tsai (致蔡英文總統公開信中文翻譯) to return to nuclear. “Taiwan would need to build 617 solar farms the size of its largest proposed solar farm at a cost of $71 billion just to replace its nuclear reactors.”

Tuesday marks the 125th hour mark of the fast, and Yeh said Huang is becoming fatigued from lack of food. Another pro-nuclear leader, Yen-Peng Liao, said he would continue the fast if Huang is hospitalized.

“This hunger strike is not for myself and not for the public referendum,” said Huang, “it is for the democracy and the order of law in Taiwan.”