關於 data collection method ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

[RESEARCH SERIES] Cấu trúc và một số lưu ý khi viết phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu (Research methods)

Khi đọc phần phương pháp nghiên cứu, biên tập viên và người bình duyệt sẽ cơ bản thấy được khả năng nghiên cứu, sự chuyên nghiệp trong nghiên cứu của tác giả. Thông tin được viết trong phần này phải đủ chi tiết để người đọc đánh giá được sự phù hợp của phương pháp nghiên cứu, quy trình thu thập và xử lý dữ liệu bạn đã sử dụng. Bài viết chị chia sẻ hôm nay về kinh nghiệm của TS. Nguyễn Hữu Cương khi viết cấu trúc và một số lưu ý khi viết phần phương pháp nghiên cứu, mọi người đón đọc nhé!

Nếu như phần Tổng quan nghiên cứu (Literature review) được coi là phần khó viết nhất thì phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu được cho là phần dễ viết nhất (nhiều người thường viết phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu đầu tiên) đơn giản bởi vì ta chỉ mô tả lại những gì đã làm trong quá trình lựa chọn phương pháp nghiên cứu, thiết kế công cụ thu thập dữ liệu, thu thập dữ liệu và xử lý dữ liệu. Tuy nhiên, để có một phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu tốt, bạn cần lưu ý là thông tin bạn viết trong phần này phải đủ chi tiết để độc giả đánh giá được sự phù hợp của các phương pháp nghiên cứu bạn đã sử dụng, đánh giá được độ giá trị (validity) và độ tin cậy (reliability) của kết quả nghiên cứu (Belcher, 2019).

Thông thường những thông tin cần viết trong phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu bao gồm:

- Các phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu đã sử dụng (data collection methods): định lượng (quantitative), hay định tính (qualitative), hay hỗn hợp (mixed method).

- Các công cụ thu thập dữ liệu tương ứng với phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu: bảng hỏi (survey questionnaires), dữ liệu phân tích thống kê (statistical analysis) đối với phương pháp định lượng; phỏng vấn (interview), quan sát (observation), phân tích văn bản (document analysis), thảo luận nhóm (focus group)… đối với phương pháp định tính.

- Đối tượng tham gia cung cấp dữ liệu (participants) và chọn mẫu (sampling): mô tả quần thể nghiên cứu (target population), phương pháp chọn mẫu, tổng số mẫu thu được.

- Quá trình thu thập dữ liệu (data collection procedure).

- Phân tích dữ liệu (data analysis): dùng công cụ, phần mềm gì để phân tích dữ liệu, ví dụ SPSS đối với phân tích dữ liệu định lượng hay Nvivo đối với phân tích dữ liệu định tính.

- Những vấn đề cần lưu ý về đạo đức nghiên cứu (ethical considerations), đặc biệt đối với những nghiên cứu liên quan đến trẻ em, người bệnh, người tàn tật, người già (Azevedo et al., 2011; Belcher, 2019).



Một phần lưu ý nữa là bạn nên trình bày phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu theo từng đầu mục (sub-heading) một cách chi tiết để một người không trực tiếp tham gia vào nghiên cứu vẫn hiểu chính xác bạn đã làm gì và tại sao.

Lưu lý là phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu thường chiếm 1/8 (một phần tám) bài báo. Như vậy, với bài viết có độ dài 4000-8000 từ thì Phương pháp nghiên cứu có thể có độ dài tương ứng là 500-1000 từ.



Tài liệu tham khảo

Azevedo, L. F., Canário-Almeida, F., Fonseca, A. J., Costa-Pereira, A, Winck, J. C., & Hespanhol, V. (2011). How to write a scientific paper—writing the methods section. Rev Port Pneumol, 17(5), 232-238.

Belcher, W. L. (2019). Writing your article in 12 weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press.

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【新學術文章】運用社會生態學模式檢視香港長者晚期護理服務中的問題和相對完善發展所存在的差距 – 香港多元化定性研究

在現今醫療服務中，為絕症及重症病人提供的晚期護理服務備受關注。儘管香港人的預期壽命為全球之冠，而近年對相應的長期護理服務的需求也不斷上升， 香港的晚期護理服務多年來發展並不完善。是次研究目標在於針對香港長者晚期護理服務中的問題作出整體性的檢視和表述。研究使用多元化定性方法進行數據收集，包括焦點小組和與關鍵人物和持份者的深入訪談，以及對患者和家屬的縱向案例研究。研究透過主題分析，從社會生態模型的角度仔細檢視香港當前晚期護理服務在不同層面上存在的問題和差距，以及他們之間的關係。透過該模型，我們在政策、法律、社區、機構以及個人和人際層面上總結了針對香港老年人口的晚期護理服務上的差距和問題。這些包括但不限於缺乏全面的晚期護理政策框架、精神上無行為能力的法律依據含糊、針對預設醫療指示的立法障礙、社區內對晚期護理服務的供應及所需資源和支援的缺乏、醫療和社福領域裡對晚期護理的認知及培訓上之有限、以及就服務在兩種領域服務上所需的連接和整合的欠缺。另外，在文化層面上香港人對有關死亡的話題存在一定的恐懼和抗拒心態，而且對孝道的文化詮釋也帶來一定包袱。以上種種因素都有可能加重垂死患者的痛苦。研究結果突顯了在一個東西文化交彙的地方，晚期護理服務存在多層次的障礙和問題，並闡明如何最好地設計更有效、更全面的政策干預措施，以有利發展可持續、以人為本的晚期護理服務。

【New academic publication】Examining the Gaps and Issues of End-of-Life Care among Older Population through the Lens of Socioecological Model—A Multi-Method Qualitative Study of Hong Kong

End-of-life (EOL) care for terminal illness and life-limiting conditions is a sector in the health service spectrum that is drawing increased attention. Despite having the world’s longest life expectancy and an ever-escalating demand for long-term care, Hong Kong’s EOL care was underdeveloped. The current study aims to provide a holistic picture of gaps and issues to EOL care in Hong Kong. Data collection was conducted using a multi-method qualitative approach that included focus groups and in-depth interviews with key informants and stakeholders, and longitudinal case studies with patients and families. Deductive thematic analysis was used to examine service gaps in current EOL care through the lens of a socioecological model where gaps and issues in various nested, hierarchical levels of care as well as the relationships between these levels were studied in detail. Using the model, we identified gaps and issues of EOL care among older populations in Hong Kong at the policy, legal, community, institutional, as well as intrapersonal and interpersonal levels. These include but are not limited to a lack of overarching EOL care policy framework, ambiguity in the legal basis for mental incapacity, legislative barriers for advance directives, inadequate capacity, resources, and support in the community to administer EOL care, inadequate knowledge, training, and resources for EOL care in health and social care sectors, inadequate medical-social interface, general reluctance and fear of death and dying, as well as the cultural interpretation of filial piety that may lengthen the suffering of the dying patients. Findings highlight the multi-level gaps and issues of EOL care in a place where western and eastern culture meet, and shed light on how best to design more effective and comprehensive policy interventions that will likely have a more sustainable and instrumental impact on facilitating person-centered EOL care during the end of life.

ในวิชา "วิทยาการคำนวณ" ระดับชั้น ม. 5
ได้ดึงวิชา data science (วิทยาศาสตร์ข้อมูล)
มาปูพื้นฐานให้เด็กๆ ได้เรียนกันแล้ว นับว่าเป็นโชคดี
เพราะวิชาพวกนี้เป็นของสูง กว่าจะสัมผัสก็คงตอนป.ตรี โท เอก
...Continue ReadingIn the subject of ′′ Calculation Theology ′′ class. 5
Pulled data science (data science)
Let's master the foundation for kids to learn. It's considered lucky.
Because these subjects are high to touch. It's probably in the middle of the year. Tri To Aek

Which I will review the content to read roughly. The content is divided into 4 chapters.
.
👉 ++++ Chapter 1-Information is valuable +++++
.
Data science in the textbook. Used by Thai name as ′′ Information Science ′′
This chapter will mention Big Data or big data with lots of valuable information.
And so much role in this 4.0 s both public and private sector.
.
If you can't imagine when you played Google search network, you'll find a lot of information that you can use in our business. This is why data science plays a very important role.
.
It's not surprising that it makes the Data Scientist s' career (British name data scientist) play the most important role and charming and interesting profession of the 21th century.
.
Data science, if in the book, he defines it
′′ Study of the process, method or technique to process enormous amounts of data to process to obtain knowledge, understand phenomena, or interpret prediction or prediction, find out patterns or trends from information.
and can be analysed to advise the right choice or take decision for maximum benefit
.
For Data science work, he will have the following steps.
- Questioning my own interest.
- Collect information.
- Data Survey
- Data Analysis (analyze the data)
- Communication and Results Visualization (Communicate and visualize the results)
.
🤔 Also he talks about design thinking... but what is it?
Must say the job of a data scientist
It doesn't end just taking the data we analyzed.
Let's show people how to understand.
.
The application design process is still required.
To use data from our analytics
The word design thinking is the idea. The more good designer it is.
Which Data Scientists Should Have To Design Final Applications
Will meet user demand
.
👉 ++++ Chapter 2 Collection and Exploration +++++
.
This chapter is just going to base.
2.1 Collection of data
In this chapter, I will talk about information that is a virtual thing.
We need to use this internet.

2.2 Data preparation (data preparation)
Content will be available.
- Data Cleaning (data cleansing)
- Data Transformation (data transformation)
In the university. 5 is not much but if in college level, you will find advanced technique like PCA.
- Info Link (combining data)

2.3 Data Exploration (data exploration)
Speaking of using graphs, let's explore the information e
Histogram graph. Box plot diagram (box plot). Distributed diagram (scatter plot)
With an example of programming, pulls out the plot to graph from csv (or xls) file.

2.4 Personal Information
For this topic, if a data scientist is implementing personal data, it must be kept secret.
.
Where the issues of personal information are now available. Personal Data Protection is Done
.
.
👉 ++++ Chapter 3 Data Analysis ++++
.
Divided into 2 parts:
.
3.1 descriptive analysis (descriptive analytics)
Analyzing using the numbers we've studied since
- Proportion or percentage
- Medium measurement of data, average, popular base.
Correlation (Correlation) relationship with programming is easy.
.
.
3.2 predictive analysis (predictive analytics)
.
- numeric prediction is discussed. (numeric prediction)
- Speaking of technique linear regression, a straight line equation that will predict future information.
Including sum of squared errors
Let's see if the straight line graph is fit with the information. (with programming samples)
- Finally mentioned K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbors: K-NN) is the closest way to finding K-N-Neighborhood for classification (Category)

*** Note *****
linear regression กับ K-NN
This is also an algorithm. One of the machine learning (machine learning, one branch of AI)
Kids in the middle of the day, I get to study.
.
.
👉 +++ Chapter 4 Making information pictured and communicating with information +++
.
This chapter doesn't matter much. Think about the scientist after analyzing what data is done. The end is showing it to other people by doing data visualization. (Better summoning)
.
In contents, it's for example using a stick chart, line chart, circular chart, distribution plan.
.
The last thing I can't do is tell a story from information (data story telling) with a message. Be careful when you present information.
.
.
.
*** this note ***
😗 Program language which textbooks mentioned and for example.
It's also python and R language
.
For R language, many people may not be familiar.
The IT graduate may be more familiar with Python.
But anyone from the record line will surely be familiar.
Because R language is very popular in statistical line
And it can be used in data science. Easy and popular. Python
.
But if people from data science move to another line of AI
It's deep learning (deep learning)
Python will be popular with eating.
.
.
#########
😓 Ending. Even I wrote a review myself, I still feel that.
- The university. 5 is it going to be hard? Can a child imagine? What did she do?
- Or was it right that I packed this course into Big Data era?
You can comment.
.
But for sure, both parents and teachers are tired.
Because it's a new content. It's real.
Keep fighting. Thai kids 4.0
.
Note in the review section of the university's textbook. 4 There will be 3 chapters. Read at.
https://www.facebook.com/programmerthai/photos/a.1406027003020480/2403432436613260/?type=3&theater
.
++++++++++++++++++++
Before leaving, let's ask for publicity.
++++++++++++++++++++
Recommend the book ′′ Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not difficult ′′
It can be understood by the number. End of book 1 (Thai language content)
Best seller ranked
In the MEB computer book category.
.
The contents will describe Artificial Intelligence (A) in view of the number. The end.
Without a code of dizzy
With colorful illustrations to see, easy to read.
.
If you are interested, you can order.
👉 https://www.mebmarket.com/web/index.php?action=BookDetails&data=YToyOntzOjc6InVzZXJfaWQiO3M6NzoiMTcyNTQ4MyI7czo3OiJib29rX2lkIjtzOjY6IjEwODI0NiI7fQ&fbclid=IwAR11zxJea0OnJy5tbfIlSxo4UQmsemh_8TuBF0ddjJQzzliMFFoFz1AtTo4
.
Personal like the book. You can see this link.
👉 https://www.dropbox.com/s/fg8l38hc0k9b0md/chapter_example.pdf?dl=0
.
Sorry, paper book. I don't have it yet. Sorry.
.
✍ Written by Thai programmer thai progammerTranslated

This year, in line with the Hatta Dolmat’s: Sustainable Awareness Movement and Hatta Dolmat’s 15 years celebration in the fashion industry, he will be releasing HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection during KLFW Digital 2020 in November on Hurr.TV.

The HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection is a tripartite collaboration between Hatta Dolmat, SWCorp and Kloth Cares, aimed to educate Malaysians that plastic bottles can have new life with higher purpose, if recycled into fabrics. With the factual data of textile waste collected by SWCorp yearly, Hatta and Kloth Cares are working closely together in selecting best method in producing the HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection.

SUBSCRIBE: https://www.youtube.com/HattaDolmat

This year, in line with the Hatta Dolmat’s: Sustainable Awareness Movement and Hatta Dolmat’s 15 years celebration in the fashion industry, he will be releasing HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection during KLFW Digital 2020 in November on Hurr.TV.

The HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection is a tripartite collaboration between Hatta Dolmat, SWCorp and Kloth Cares, aimed to educate Malaysians that plastic bottles can have new life with higher purpose, if recycled into fabrics. With the factual data of textile waste collected by SWCorp yearly, Hatta and Kloth Cares are working closely together in selecting best method in producing the HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection.

SUBSCRIBE: https://www.youtube.com/HattaDolmat

This year, in line with the Hatta Dolmat’s: Sustainable Awareness Movement and Hatta Dolmat’s 15 years celebration in the fashion industry, he will be releasing HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection during KLFW Digital 2020 in November on Hurr.TV.

The HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection is a tripartite collaboration between Hatta Dolmat, SWCorp and Kloth Cares, aimed to educate Malaysians that plastic bottles can have new life with higher purpose, if recycled into fabrics. With the factual data of textile waste collected by SWCorp yearly, Hatta and Kloth Cares are working closely together in selecting best method in producing the HD Monogram RTW sustainable collection.

SUBSCRIBE: https://www.youtube.com/HattaDolmat