[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
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在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)
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3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上）占
These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).
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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).
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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).
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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
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從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
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*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
combine用法 在 Re: [請益] 一個片語的用法(Gathered some momentum) 的美食出口停車場
※ 引述《lkjhvcxz2002 (/(≧ w ≦)/ )》之銘言：
: 黃金閱讀5.3版的第六篇閱讀
: Artisans and Industrialization
: ...The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of
: 1837,....
: 6.The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
: (1 made progress
: (2 became active
: (3 caused changes
: (4 combined force
: 我是選4 不過答案是1
: 我記得momentum是動能的意思，所以我覺得可能的意思是
: 聚集了一些能量，力量
: 不過我搞不太懂為什麼答案會是1 囧"
: 有請各位前輩們幫忙解惑
本題是學生詢問的高頻題
因為其設計專剋中文與理工學生
在此把我收集的解法與大家分享
首先回答一下上面的問題
科學與文學類的聽力與閱讀結構是不一樣的
同時除了學有專精之外
我們對於同一個單字的解釋也不一樣
因此還是建議買本好字典
畢竟以後去美國打天龍人英語是必備的
我自己是使用無敵CD-95電腦辭典 與 遠東新世紀英漢辭典
就不需要任何單字書
反正有問題 有不會的就去查
絕對比補習班助教 或是在網路上等回應 方便正確
gather some momentum
很多人直接翻成 聚集 動量
這樣兩個字都翻錯了
請翻翻字典
momentum
1. 動力.衝力.勢頭
2.[物理]動量
這一篇文章是講社會運動 我們應該優先考慮第一個解釋
而不是翻譯成 動量(應出現在科學文章)
這裡就是我所分類的 簡單字考第二定義
接下來是gather
翻翻字典應該會發現一堆你沒有想過的用法 (遠東P.577)
1. gather that ~ 猜想.推測
2. She gathered her brows into a frown. 使皺起(眉.布料)
3.收集.採集
4. 積聚: (a) gather dust 積灰塵 ; A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滾石不生苔
(b) 逐漸累積經驗與知識
(c) 收集事實與情報
5. 逐漸增加 (a) 速度.體力
(b) 鼓起勇氣.恢復體力 + up
(c) 集中精神
這裡的用法是5-(a)
在momentum的搭配詞中 (遠東P.892)
gain momentum = gather momentum 得勢(尤其指某種社會運動) <=> loss momentum
失勢
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查progress 就知道搭配上make時
make progress 是 進步 的意思 <=> regress 退步.回歸
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combine
Ｖ
1.合並
combine A with B = combine A and B
combine withe Sth
２.兼具
combine busines with pleasure
寓工作於娛樂中
He combines arrogance and incompetence in his dealings with the staff.
他在與工作人員的交際中既傲慢又無能
force
n. 1.力量。武力.影響力。說服力[U]
2. 軍隊(常用複數)
3. [物理]力.力的強度[C][U]
4. 勢力[C]
既然原文有ｓ 應該是４.解釋
但是這樣中文會很奇怪
勞工運動結合了其他勢力....（到底是甚麼勢力呢？ 反核。學生活動？
文章中沒有出現其他勢力）
之後也沒有提到這些勢力 又分道揚鑣
所以是錯誤的
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以上會發現查字典的方法很麻煩
大概考不會想那麼多 同時兩個詞的意思並不完全相同
因此建議當成GRE的句子填充來解
1.句子填充第一步 判斷句子結構
2.分類選項
3.刪除明顯不合詞性的選項
4.刪除文法錯誤選項
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life.
Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together
in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837,
but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike*
or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement,
did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers.
In this 指上一段所提的情況, , workers sometimes(注意頻率副詞 有時候團結
換言之並非一直都團結) organized
to protect their rights and traditional ways of life(目的).
Example:
Craft workers (examples) formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together
in the National Trades' Union.
The labor movement _____________ in the decade before the Panic of 1837
but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed.
( the Panic經濟大恐慌 如果不知道沒關係 但是從the + P大寫
知道是普通名詞轉專有名詞),
現在來插入
1. 出現平行結構 before the Panic // in the depression that followed
正好就是時間上的一前一後
轉折詞 but 所以句子前後相反 後面說 labor's strength collapsed
可知要填入的詞 1.是正面的意思 2.與collapse 瓦解.衰退.(價格)暴跌 為反義字
2.選項分類 ○ Caused changes ○ Combined forces 都是中性的 沒有好也沒有壞
所以刪除
3.接下來要小心 Became active (同常形容 人)
become 是指 人或物 轉變成某種狀態 換言之 之前是 不active的狀態
但是這個上下文都沒有說到 所以不能選
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