***生命科學閱讀之 3***
物理,化學,生物學,三者的發現碰撞在一起時,會如何改變製藥的方式,以及生命科學研究的推進呢?
“Physicists tell us what’s conceivable, chemists tell us what’s possible, and biologists tell us what actually happened.” Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek
(“物理學家告訴我們如何理解世界,化學家告訴我們其中的可能性,而生物學家告訴我們當中到底發生了什麼事”) -- 諾貝爾物理學家 Frank Wilczek
這本書是我追蹤的矽谷新創公司 a16z ,提到生技業蓬勃的創新能量時,建議閱讀的書籍之一。故事的時代背景是在90年初期,一個在知名製藥公司默克工作的科學家,看見人們對於疾病的分析越來越精準,同時又有龐大數據處理的電腦,大膽的預言藥物的製作方式必須被更新。在眾人一片驚訝和不看好中,他離開了製藥界巨頭的老東家,找到一些認同這個理念的科學家們一同創立了 Vertex (福泰製藥)。
他所倡導的製藥方式是所謂 「結構分子設計」。在這之前最好的方式是從大自然裡面去找尋各種微生物然後逐一比對淘汰,一直找到適合治療某種藥物的成分,然後用化學的方式去人工合成這樣的成份,再大規模量產。而結構分子設計的藥物設計理念,是針對病症或是病毒的分子結構清楚分析,然後再把原子當成單位一點一滴,量身訂做的製造出相對應的解方,有點像是為一個鎖頭量身訂製出鑰匙一般,這樣的好處是可以啟動該啟動的,但減少可能帶來的副作用。聽起來很棒,但要投資時間精力卻是巨大的風險。裡面延伸提到一個抑制免疫的重要應用領域 -- 器官移植, 和這個領域的先鋒 Thomas Starzl 史塔哲醫師的故事。看到器官移植初期各種難以想像的實驗,平常人很好但在手術室裡像個暴君的史塔哲醫師,如何抵擋各種的道德爭議性,各式謠言攻擊,甚至自己的許多錯誤,就是想要讓器官移植可以成真。也因為這樣他不斷找尋可以抑制免疫系統避免身體在移植初期,排斥新器官的藥物,也奠定了本書這個新創公司的研究啟蒙基礎。
雖然我不是相關領域的,但從當中一窺他們如何定義什麼是值得解決的問題,然後如何定義挑選首要目標的想法,同時組織適合這個理念的團隊,真的還蠻有收穫的,畢竟不管任何行業任何組織這樣的能力,都是關鍵的。他們最開始挑選抑制免疫系統的藥物,就是因為這個話題並不是大公司競相追逐的,但卻有廣泛的應用 (當時大公司追逐的都是愛滋病藥物,但後來抑制免疫藥物的設計,不免還是跟愛滋病藥物研究領域有所碰撞)。除了募資找錢諸多的挑戰,和創始團隊超級強大的心臟之外,也可以看見因著找來一票明星科學家極有專業度和自信,所以管理起來,需要領袖能夠讓人服氣的氣場。他們在沒有產品的時候看準最後一波生物科技投資風潮,硬是要上市籌募夠多的資金,造成實驗室裡面因著壓力的各種瘋狂故事。壓力極大又疲憊不堪的科學家們,把自己推到極限,也開始讓辦公室內火藥味十足,有人有精神崩潰自殺的傾向,有人用暴力威脅,還有一位科學家在餐廳裡把椅子砸爛了。這樣的狀態下還能夠持續研究工作,只能說他們想要事情成功的信念,真的很強大。
這本書雖然不是很容易讀,但我覺得最棒的一點是,作者忠實地描述了一個新興產業中創業的戲劇性和壓力,不是把它形塑成一個成功範例或是勵志故事。很佩服這位作者不是相關專業出身,與福泰製藥的員工們朝夕相處3年左右,透過無數的對談,採訪,和觀察,寫出了這個深刻的故事。最後會看到,這位新創公司的創始人,最終想要贏得的冠冕就是他的觀點被證明是對的,讓他願意承受所有的壓力,每一次的危機,在一片阻力當中堅持到最後的決心。雖然說意志力和決心很重要,但成功從來就不是保證。我不禁在想,有什麼樣的價值值得如此追求,不管最後結果如何,仍然能夠覺得心滿意足呢?
延伸閱讀:
"Inflamed Mind"
身體的免疫系統-- 以及它對精神狀態的影響
"Billion Dollar Burger"
人造肉-- 分子科學的另外應用
全文與延伸閱讀和相關文章都在部落格中👇👇
https://dushuyizhi.net/the-billion-dollar-molecule-%e5%8d%81%e5%84%84%e7%be%8e%e5%85%83%e7%9a%84%e5%88%86%e5%ad%90/
#TheBillionDollarMolecule #Biotech
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過83萬的網紅serpentza,也在其Youtube影片中提到,There's a guy in the middle of Oklahoma building a massive Chinese JUNK in his back yard! I had to go and check it out! My name is Doug Jackson. I am...
biologists 在 北歐心科學 NordicHearts Facebook 的最讚貼文
#生物學的日常
和朋友討論血管路線的Path finding algorithms,結果餐桌上用餐具砌路線。
其他食客應該覺得我們CLS。
最後結論:Biologists的數學和Coding都很廢。😂
biologists 在 浩爾譯世界 Facebook 的精選貼文
【每日國際選讀】
#文末挑戰多益選擇題📝
交朋友的藝術是科學?
開啟「接收通知」和「搶先看」每天吸收雙語時事新知
來讀華爾街日報獨家
👋The Surprising Science Behind Friendship
友誼背後出人意料的科學
👏At its simplest, it’s just how critical quality social bonds and friendships are. In animals, the big measures that evolutionary biologists study are reproductive success, which they count as either how many babies you have or how long those babies live, and longevity, or how long you survive. Nonhuman primates have very structured hierarchies that they exist in, and everyone assumed that that must have more importance for how long you live and how many babies you have and how healthy they are. And it wasn’t. The most important thing was the strength of the social bonds, how positively and well and regularly an individual animal interacted with other animals. Scientists really couldn’t believe it.
簡單來說,有品質的社會關係以及友誼非常重要。在動物界,演化科學家研究的主要指標包括繁殖成功率,即某隻動物的後代數量或幼獸存活時間;以及壽命,即動物自身的生存時間。非人類靈長類動物在森嚴的等級制度內生存,人們以為這種等級制度對動物的壽命長短、幼獸數量以及健康狀況影響更為重大。然而,事實並非如此,社會連結的強度,以及個體與族群中其他成員積極、良好及有規律的互動才是影響個體生存最重要的因素。科學家對這一發現感到十分震驚。
-longevity: 壽命
-hierarchy: 階級
-assume: 假設
💪Friendship literally improves your body’s cardiovascular functioning, how your immune system works, how you sleep. You can imagine the food you put in your body makes you healthy or not. But sitting in a coffee shop with someone and just chatting about what’s going on with your life, we always thought emotionally that made you feel good. But actually it really is doing much more.
就像攝入的食物決定我們是否身體健康一樣,友誼能改善我們的心血管功能、增強免疫力、提高睡眠質量。與好友相約,喝喝咖啡、聊聊自己的近況,我們總認為這些活動僅能起到放鬆心情的作用。但實際上,其作用遠不止於此。
-cardiovascular: 心血管相關的(cardio:心臟的)
-put in: 放置;放入(在文章脈絡中是攝取的意思)
-
🎤There’s this interesting chemistry to friendship. Just like in romance, you are more drawn to some people than you are others. Some of it is very straightforward: You are interested in the same things, you spend time in the same place. That’s one reason why we are close to relatives, because you have a head start, you spend more time with them than you do anyone else. We do tend to be better friends with people who are more like us.
朋友間也存在有趣的化學反應。與兩情相悅類似,我們會被具有某些特質的人吸引。還有些原因非常直接:同樣的興趣愛好;經常在同一地點碰面。這也解釋了為什麼親人之間往往關係更為緊密,因為你們從小在一起,你和他們相處的時間甚於其他任何人。我們也確實傾向於和與自己相似的人交朋友。
-draw to: 受…吸引
-straightforward: 直截了當;直接的
-head start: 領先;佔得的先機、優勢
未完待續...
要跟對方聊多久才會變成好朋友?
加入文末每日國際選讀計畫,解鎖完整語音導讀版
——
原文連結請看留言
——
❓❓多益模擬題❓:
The reason behind people being attracted to one and not the other is _________: you are interested in the same things, you spend time in the same space. We often ______ being around with friends does us good emotionally, but it’s actually doing so much more.
🙋🏻♀️🙋🏼♀️
A. straightforward / assume
B. direct / assumes
C. straightforward / assumed
-
【每日國際選讀計畫,熱烈招生中!】
華爾街日報訂閱超值方案📰
專屬#臉書社團,浩爾 #每日語音導讀
「留言+1」,就送你 #優惠碼及 #導讀試聽!
biologists 在 serpentza Youtube 的最佳貼文
There's a guy in the middle of Oklahoma building a massive Chinese JUNK in his back yard! I had to go and check it out!
My name is Doug Jackson. I am the ambition and drive behind SV Seeker, but my success comes from knowing a lot of brilliant and skilled people who are drawn together around the sailboat Seeker.
SV Seeker is not just a sailboat nor a yacht. SV Seeker is a work boat and a dream and a tool for making dreams come true. I’ve always wanted to do something grand and daring. Something that filled my passions, not just the hours of my day or a bank account. It started with building submarines, and with confidence it became building Seeker. When completed I will have every skill I need to keep her in shape, and she will have the strength to take us to the wonders and treasures of the world’s oceans.
Seeker will cater to adventurers, explorers, oceanographers, divers, wreck hunters, marine biologists and archaeologist and we will do it free of charge whenever possible. If you want to be a part, then allow me to welcome you aboard.
Our crew is forming now. You can join the volunteers that are helping to build Seeker. Sharpen your skills, pass your skills onto others, learn new skills, build friendships and earn your passage onto Seeker when she is plying the waters off some sandy beaches in search of sunken treasure.
Doug's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/submarineboat
⚫ If you want to see China like no one outside of China has ever seen it before: https://vimeo.com/ondemand/conqueringsouthernchina
⚫ Support me on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/serpentza
Join me on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/winstoninchina
Twitter: @serpentza
Instagram: serpent_za
Music used: Geisha X - Gentle Memories
My other channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/advchina