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同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過75萬的網紅志祺七七 X 圖文不符,也在其Youtube影片中提到,#歡迎來到志祺七七 #親簽款與臭泥便利貼上架 ✨詳細預購資訊看這邊✨ 11/13 凌晨0點起 限量預購中 🔥博客來【獨家親簽1077本】https://pse.is/3a26fw 🔥誠品【臭泥便利貼1000份】https://eslite.me/38gpsz ✔︎ 成為七七會員(幫助我們繼續日...
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- 關於addresses the problem 在 เกมถูกบอกด้วย v.2 Facebook 的最讚貼文
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addresses the problem 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的最佳貼文
📜 [專欄新文章] Reason Why You Should Use EIP1167 Proxy Contract. (With Tutorial)
✍️ Ping Chen
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
EIP1167 minimal proxy contract is a standardized, gas-efficient way to deploy a bunch of contract clones from a factory.
1. Who may consider using EIP1167
For some DApp that are creating clones of a contract for its users, a “factory pattern” is usually introduced. Users simply interact with the factory to get a copy. For example, Gnosis Multisig Wallet has a factory. So, instead of copy-and-paste the source code to Remix, compile, key in some parameters, and deploy it by yourself, you can just ask the factory to create a wallet for you since the contract code has already been on-chain.
The problem is: we need standalone contract instances for each user, but then we’ll have many copies of the same bytecode on the blockchain, which seems redundant. Take multisig wallet as an example, different multisig wallet instances have separate addresses to receive assets and store the wallet’s owners’ addresses, but they can share the same program logic by referring to the same library. We call them ‘proxy contracts’.
One of the most famous proxy contract users is Uniswap. It also has a factory pattern to create exchanges for each ERC20 tokens. Different from Gnosis Multisig, Uniswap only has one exchange instance that contains full bytecode as the program logic, and the remainders are all proxies. So, when you go to Etherscan to check out the code, you’ll see a short bytecode, which is unlikely an implementation of an exchange.
0x3660006000376110006000366000732157a7894439191e520825fe9399ab8655e0f7085af41558576110006000f3
What it does is blindly relay every incoming transaction to the reference contract 0x2157a7894439191e520825fe9399ab8655e0f708by delegatecall.
Every proxy is a 100% replica of that contract but serving for different tokens.
The length of the creation code of Uniswap exchange implementation is 12468 bytes. A proxy contract, however, has only 46 bytes, which is much more gas efficient. So, if your DApp is in a scenario of creating copies of a contract, no matter for each user, each token, or what else, you may consider using proxy contracts to save gas.
2. Why use EIP1167
According to the proposal, EIP is a “minimal proxy contract”. It is currently the known shortest(in bytecode) and lowest gas consumption overhead implementation of proxy contract. Though most ERCs are protocols or interfaces, EIP1167 is the “best practice” of a proxy contract. It uses some EVM black magic to optimize performance.
EIP1167 not only minimizes length, but it is also literally a “minimal” proxy that does nothing but proxying. It minimizes trust. Unlike other upgradable proxy contracts that rely on the honesty of their administrator (who can change the implementation), address in EIP1167 is hardcoded in bytecode and remain unchangeable.
That brings convenience to the community.
Etherscan automatically displays code for EIP1167 proxies.
When you see an EIP1167 proxy, you can definitely regard it as the contract that it points to. For instance, if Etherscan finds a contract meets the format of EIP1167, and the reference implementation’s code has been published, it will automatically use that code for the proxy contract. Unfortunately, non-standard EIP1167 proxies like Uniswap will not benefit from this kind of network effect.
3. How to upgrade a contract to EIP1167 compatible
*Please read all the steps before use, otherwise there might have problems.
A. Build a clone factory
For Vyper, there’s a function create_with_code_of(address)that creates a proxy and returns its address. For Solidity, you may find a reference implementation here.
function createClone(address target) internal returns (address result){ bytes20 targetBytes = bytes20(target); assembly { let clone := mload(0x40) mstore(clone, 0x3d602d80600a3d3981f3363d3d373d3d3d363d73000000000000000000000000) mstore(add(clone, 0x14), targetBytes) mstore(add(clone, 0x28), 0x5af43d82803e903d91602b57fd5bf30000000000000000000000000000000000) result := create(0, clone, 0x37) }}
You can either deploy the implementation contract first or deploy it with the factory’s constructor. I’ll suggest the former, so you can optimize it with higher runs.
contract WalletFactory is CloneFactory { address Template = "0xc0ffee"; function createWallet() external returns (address newWallet) { newWallet = createClone(Template); }}
B. Replace constructor with initializer
When it comes to a contract, there are two kinds of code: creation code and runtime code. Runtime code is the actual business logic stored in the contract’s code slot. Creation code, on the other hand, is runtime code plus an initialization process. When you compile a solidity source code, the output bytecode you get is creation code. And the permanent bytecode you can find on the blockchain is runtime code.
For EIP1167 proxies, we say it ‘clones’ a contract. It actually clones a contract’s runtime code. But if the contract that it is cloning has a constructor, the clone is not 100% precise. So, we need to slightly modify our implementation contract. Replace the constructor with an ‘initializer’, which is part of the permanent code but can only be called once.
// constructorconstructor(address _owner) external { owner = _owner;}// initializerfunction set(address _owner) external { require(owner == address(0)); owner = _owner;}
Mind that initializer is not a constructor, so theoretically it can be called multiple times. You need to maintain the edge case by yourself. Take the code above as an example, when the contract is initialized, the owner must never be set to 0, or anyone can modify it.
C. Don’t assign value outside a function
As mentioned, a creation code contains runtime code and initialization process. A so-called “initialization process” is not only a constructor but also all the variable assignments outside a function. If an EIP1167 proxy points to a contract that assigns value outside a function, it will again have different behavior. We need to remove them.
There are two approaches to solve this problem. The first one is to turn all the variables that need to be assigned to constant. By doing so, they are no longer a variable written in the contract’s storage, but a constant value that hardcoded everywhere it is used.
bytes32 public constant symbol = "4441490000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";uint256 public constant decimals = 18;
Second, if you really want to assign a non-constant variable while initializing, then just add it to the initializer.
mapping(address => bool) public isOwner;uint public dailyWithdrawLimit;uint public signaturesRequired;
function set(address[] _owner, uint limit, uint required) external { require(dailyWithdrawLimit == 0 && signaturesRequired == 0); dailyWithdrawLimit = limit; signaturesRequired = required; //DO SOMETHING ELSE}
Our ultimate goal is to eliminate the difference between runtime code and creation code, so EIP1167 proxy can 100% imitate its implementation.
D. Put them all together
A proxy contract pattern splits the deployment process into two. But the factory can combine two steps into one, so users won’t feel different.
contract multisigWallet { //wallet interfaces function set(address[] owners, uint required, uint limit) external;}contract walletFactory is cloneFactory { address constant template = "0xdeadbeef"; function create(address[] owners, uint required, uint limit) external returns (address) { address wallet = createClone(template); multisigWallet(wallet).set(owners, required, limit); return wallet; }}
Since both the factory and the clone/proxy has exactly the same interface, no modification is required for all the existing DApp, webpage, and tools, just enjoy the benefit of proxy contracts!
4. Drawbacks
Though proxy contract can lower the storage fee of deploying multiple clones, it will slightly increase the gas cost of each operation in the future due to the usage of delegatecall. So, if the contract is not so long(in bytes), and you expect it’ll be called millions of times, it’ll eventually be more efficient to not use EIP1167 proxies.
In addition, proxy pattern also introduces a different attack vector to the system. For EIP1167 proxies, trust is minimized since the address they point to is hardcoded in bytecode. But, if the reference contract is not permanent, some problems may happen.
You might ever hear of parity multisig wallet hack. There are multiple proxies(not EIP1167) that refer to the same implementation. However, the wallet has a self-destruct function, which empties both the storage and the code of a contract. Unfortunately, there was a bug in Parity wallet’s access control and someone accidentally gained the ownership of the original implementation. That did not directly steal assets from other parity wallets, but then the hacker deleted the original implementation, making all the remaining wallets a shell without functionality, and lock assets in it forever.
https://cointelegraph.com/news/parity-multisig-wallet-hacked-or-how-come
Conclusion
In brief, the proxy factory pattern helps you to deploy a bunch of contract clones with a considerably lower gas cost. EIP1167 defines a bytecode format standard for minimal proxy and it is supported by Etherscan.
To upgrade a contract to EIP1167 compatible, you have to remove both constructor and variable assignment outside a function. So that runtime code will contain all business logic that proxies may need.
Here’s a use case of EIP1167 proxy contract: create adapters for ERC1155 tokens to support ERC20 interface.
pelith/erc-1155-adapter
References
https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1167
https://blog.openzeppelin.com/on-the-parity-wallet-multisig-hack-405a8c12e8f7/
Donation:
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0xc1F9BB72216E5ecDc97e248F65E14df1fE46600a
Reason Why You Should Use EIP1167 Proxy Contract. (With Tutorial) was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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addresses the problem 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的精選貼文
📜 [專欄新文章] Pioneer A Financial Life on Ethereum with A Non-custodial Banking Replacement by Mel Gelderman…
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Pioneer A Financial Life on Ethereum with A Non-custodial Banking Replacement by Mel Gelderman 在以太坊上開拓無需銀行託管的新金融生活
On the first day of 2019 Taipei Crosslink, the CEO of Monolith- Mel Gelderman gave a speech on their Monolith Ethereum Wallet + Tokencard and how people are starting to know and embrace Blockchain technology in our daily life, not for gambling or fraud, but for the real positive changes it can bring to the world!
monolith.xyz
Everything dates back to 2015 when Taipei Ethereum Meetup was merely a small group of people… Mel started off the speech with the memory of him stepping into the Ethereum ecosystem!
Story-telling time!
A brief description of Monolith
Monolith is a decentralised banking alternative on Ethereum, with its current business area in Europe. There are two main products: Monolith app is a contract wallet to transfer cryptocurrency to fiat money; Tokencard is a the debit Visa card that anyone can use just like a normal Visa card.
The Status Quo
Monolith has been through the FCA Sandbox in UK. However, AML(Anti-Money Laundering) and KYC(Know Your Customer) are policies Monolith has to comply with.
AML and KYC can be achieved by simply looking into the origin of the cryptocurrency or tokens, as everything on Ethereum is there, open and transparent: if an address is known to be of illegal source, banning it solves the problem.
Currently, there are already more than 1000 users using Monolith Wallet and Tokencard to cover daily expenditure!
TKN Token: Be our own bank!
Though the topic of TKN wasn’t brought up in the speech, TKN plays a crucial role in the ambition of Monolith: to return the interest of depositing money from banks to users. For more information: CLICK!.
If you’re interested in such ambition, also check out: Compound!
Demo Time
Mel demonstrated how to use their Monolith Ethereum Wallet. During the demo, there’s an anecdote really amused everyone:
The transaction time on Ethereum is surprisingly not really longer than the time on Visa lol
Apart from the above evidence that blockchain is rising ;) Here are a few notes about Monolith Wallet worth mentioning:
Monolith Wallet is a contract wallet with a recovery mechanism, which solves the problem of usual wallets that there is no way to get back your assets on blockchain once the private key is known to the attacker.
Whitelisted addresses are specific addresses not bounded by daily spend limit, and cannot be modified afterwards. Combining the two, even if an attacker gets to know the private key, the attacker can only transfer up to the daily spend limit, and the owner can transfer the remaining assets to the whitelisted addresses.
Monolith is also working on another recovery mechanism to deal with the situation of losing your phone. Stay tuned!
Monolith Tokencard also has every mechanism one needs for a normal debit card: freezing and unfreezing the card, reporting lost card, etc.
The workflow of using Monolith:
Decide the amount of cryptocurrency for exchange -> Decide the targetted fiat currency -> Wait for transaction confirmations on both Ethereum and Visa -> Success! This is now the debit card with money to spend :)
To wrap up this section, Monolith is the purest DeFi you can imagine! — Mel
Future Goal
Back in the days, it’s impossible to live solely on a Bitcoin wallet, as the exchange between cryptocurrency and real-world currencies was never easy.
However, with Monolith Wallet right now, the blockchain technology is mature enough for people to rely on the blockchain solution for daily payments, rather than trusting in banks to deal with our money.
It’s not hard to imagine that in the future, with the mass adoption of the blockchain technology, we might be able to receive cryptocurrency as salary and pay many things to anyone in every corner of the world with only a single wallet and a few clicks on your phone!
Questions
1. When or if it’s possible for Monolith to be available in Taiwan?
South Korea may be the first place for Monolith in Asia. Taiwan is on the list for sure, and hopefully, Monolith will be available by the next time when Mel visits Taiwan ;)
2. What is Monolith’s opinions on anonymity and privacy?
AML and KYC are the agreement Monolith made with Visa and FCA. However, Monolith is considering issuing a token to compensate users for going through these policies!
Conclusion
Mel’s is definitely one of the most inspiring speeches: Monolith and Tokencard visualize the dream that blockchain technology can really help make our society a more decentralised place and reduce the risk that we have always been staking on the centralised institutions!
In the end, I’d like to quote a line from Mel to summarize the speech and also his enthusiasm towards blockchain and Ethereum:
We are on the cusp of the most exciting moment in Ethereum since its creation!
Special thanks to Mel Gelderman for the friendly and patient feedback on my questions and recommending me COMPOUND!!! also, to Yahsin Huang for reviewing and her helpful advices and as usual to Chih-Cheng Liang for organizing the TEM column:)
Pioneer A Financial Life on Ethereum with A Non-custodial Banking Replacement by Mel Gelderman… was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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addresses the problem 在 志祺七七 X 圖文不符 Youtube 的最讚貼文
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#拜登 #川普 #美國總統
各節重點:
00:00 前導
02:41 從政將近半世紀的老將拜登
03:52 拜登的爭議和缺點
05:26 拜登的「修復」工程
06:54 對外關係的可能發展
08:49 黨內外的政治角力
10:14 我們的觀點
12:29 提問
12:46 結尾
【 製作團隊 】
|企劃:路寬
|腳本:路寬、冰鱸
|編輯:土龍、冰鱸
|剪輯後製:Pookie
|剪輯助理:歆雅、珊珊
|演出:志祺
——
【 本集參考資料 】
→Why America Must Lead Again:https://fam.ag/2JTQoaD
→拜登與中國的40年:從支持中國崛起到對華強硬 - 紐約時報中文網:https://nyti.ms/3nkY4Bj
→美國當選總統:誰是喬·拜登?:https://bbc.in/2Un7a41
→等了33年,拜登終於登上美國總統寶座!:https://bit.ly/2IyxXb2
→美國政壇「不死老喬」:拜登的第三次總統:https://bit.ly/3krDRrM
→若拜登當選總統 將與盟友共同抗衡中國:https://bit.ly/38DielS
→曾稱讚14歲少女胸部?拜登遭譏「猥瑣怪叔叔」性騷擾黑歷史連環爆 | 國際 | 新頭殼 Newtalk:https://bit.ly/35rLPg3
→美國大選:拜登部署新計劃 首要任務是應對新冠疫情 https://bbc.in/3kttAeD
→拜登入主白宮對國際局勢的影響:https://bit.ly/3ltVg4n
→拜登上任之後,將會面臨哪些外交挑戰?:https://bit.ly/2IzuhFI
→誰是總統當選人喬拜登?:他身邊的人是誰?:https://bit.ly/38CNCB5
→美國人2020大選投票率創120年來新高:https://www.voacantonese.com/a/make-america-vote-again-20201109/5653634.html
→〈美國總統大選〉一文掌握 拜登對美中台議題的看法:https://bit.ly/3eUkyWN
→喬治亞州2席都要決選 參院確定明年1月才知由哪黨掌控:https://bit.ly/3eXaMTR
→台灣人能盼到「川規拜隨」嗎?:https://bit.ly/3niV6x9
→Tara Reade: What are the sex attack allegations against Joe Biden? - BBC News:https://bbc.in/3f78SQN
→About the Transition | President-Elect Joe Biden https://buildbackbetter.com/the-transition/
→Zero tolerance policy, explain:https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/18/why-are-families-being-separated-at-the-us-border-explainer
→COVID-19-The Biden-Harris plan to beat COVID-19:https://bit.ly/3pnZmgE
→ECONOMIC RECOVERY-The Biden-Harris Jobs and Economic Recovery Plan for Working Families:https://bit.ly/2IsvUVP
→RACIAL EQUITY-The Biden-Harris plan to advance racial equity:https://bit.ly/2Uot86U
→ CLIMATE CHANGE-The Biden-Harris plan to create union jobs by tackling the climate crisis:https://bit.ly/38yT2wW
→Who might Biden tap for top foreign policy positions? - Los Angeles Times:https://lat.ms/3lrc6Rq
→Centrist House Democrats lash out at liberal colleagues, blame far-left views for costing the party seats :https://wapo.st/38F23o0
→Joe Biden: I'm a Democrat and I love John McCain - YouTube:https://bit.ly/36M0nqz
→How UPS explained the missing Biden family documents, and a word about Hunter:https://fxn.ws/35pc3zW
→Trump attacked Biden by saying his opponent would 'listen to the scientists' in dealing with COVID-19:https://bit.ly/2IiR9cC
→This is the time to heal': Joe Biden addresses Americans in election victory speech:https://bit.ly/3kAA1g5
→Can Trump steal the election?: https://bit.ly/3eVrAuf
→Joe Biden wins: what next for America? - YouTube:https://bit.ly/2UnC9wN
【 延伸閱讀 】
→Saving Lives in America, China, and Around the World | Asia Society:https://bit.ly/36vNmRI
→Biden and Ukraine: What we know about corruption claims :https://bit.ly/32HZi1H
→Is Hunter Biden a problem for Joe Biden? :https://bit.ly/32D8ogc
→The case for Joe Biden :https://bit.ly/3lrcDmo
→Joe Biden’s Record on China and Taiwan:https://bit.ly/32HdSXc
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