【#Podcast更新了】
#菜雞變司機
EP4:為什麼不該拿學校教的東西來投資?只要學會這些就不用花大錢去上 _____ 了!(財管篇)
🎙️ Podcast 連結:https://gamma.soci.vip/
✍🏻 分析全文:https://gamma.to/notes/qnl4cB0ycao1f0VhjB28
🔖 財務管理課程中唯一重要的概念就是「未來的一塊錢跟今天的一塊錢不等價」。這樣的概念就被稱為 DCF (Discount Cash Flow,折現現金流)。在投資領域裡面,除了 DCF 沒有其他事情是真的有用的。
以下我們列出大學通常會教的課程內容,並來一個一個檢視這些概念與知識是否對投資人是有幫助的。
🔖 1) DCF (Discount Cash Flow,折現現金流):
這是在財金領域中唯一重要的觀念。如果你預期在 1 年後收到 $100,那這個未來的 $100 將會被折現因子所折現,來換算成現在的價值 (aka 現值 Present value)。打個比方,若折現率為 10%,那麼一年後的 $100,現在的價值為 $90.9 (= $100 / (1 + 10%))。那若情況改變,若是你預期將在 5 年後收到 $100,那麼在同樣 10% 的折現率下,這 5 年後的 $100 的現值變成 $62.1 (= $100 / (1 + 10%)^5 )。只要你了解這個概念,你就可以從商學院畢業了。
🔖 2) 財務報表分析:
這是一個經典的「分析完了,然後呢?」的分析,財金教授很熱情的在教這些給學生們,但這些教授甚至也不知道這些分析到底哪裡有用 (主筆:答案就是這些分析其實沒用)。這些分析最大的問題在於這種分析都是 backward looking (回顧過去的分析)。但投資最重要的是對未來的預測,你只會想要透過對於未來的預測而投資,而不是因為過去的財務數字如何去決定該如何投資。
🔖 3) 資產定價模型 (Capital Asset Pricing Model,CAPM):
CAPM 的概念很簡單,這個模型潛在的假設是認為整個市場 (S&P 500) 會上漲或下跌都是基於經濟的前景。而這樣的波動在一些經濟敏感度低的產業中較不明顯 (受總體經濟的影響較小),這種產業有像是健康照護、公用事業、民生必需品,但對於某些經濟敏感度高的產業中會更明顯,比如說工業、非必須消費品等等。而這個波動可以透過 beta 值來衡量,即衡量金融資產相對於對標指數的敏感度。
🔖 4) 加權平均資金成本 (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) (WACC is Whack lol):
現在你知道怎麼計算權益的資金成本了,你可以透過將權益的資金成本和債務的資金成本結合在一起,算出資本成本 (cost of capital)。比如說,如果 A 公司有 $50 的權益、$50 的債務,權益的資金成本為 4%,債務的資金成本為 2% (稅率為 20%),那麼資本成本將為 2.8% (4% * 50% + 2% * (1 - 20%) * 50%)。這就是 WACC 的概念。你可以使用 WACC,並透過未來的無槓桿自由現金流來算出企業價值。
🔖 5) 現代投資組合理論 (Modern Portfolio Theory):
現代投資組合理論的基本概念是,將沒有相關性或是有著負相關性的多個資產組合在一起,可以達到更高的風險調整後報酬。這也是基本上為何投資人需要將資產配置到債券中,儘管債券往往相對於股票有著更低的預期報酬。
🔖 6) 夏普比率 (Sharpe Ratio):
不像其他 Gamma 在這篇文章所提到的東西,Sharpe ratio 是真的在真實世界中最有用的概念。Sharpe ratio 就是在衡量風險調整後的報酬。
雖然 Sharpe ratio 公式對不是數學家的投資人來說可能會看起來有點複雜,但是你不需要去記這個公式。投資人唯一需要記得的是「越高的 Sharpe ratio 越好」,相對於追求更高的報酬,更高的 Sharpe ratio 可能才是更重要的目標。
🔖 7) 股利政策:
財金領域最重要的基本概念是,「透過股利支付或是買回在外流通股票來回饋給權益持有者,並不會改變權益持有者的價值」。
🔖 8 ) 實質選擇權 (Real Option):
一個新的投資項目因為很新,所以它可能會有非常多種不同的結果,因此要去估計該專案未來的現金流是很困難的。實質選擇權是一個替代的概念,與其去為一個專案做一堆假設很難預期的假設 (如:營收、獲利率和現金流等),實質選擇權鼓勵投資人去做出一些更難的假設,比如說結果的波動性、該專案的成長耐久性,來透過選擇權定價公式 (Black & Scholes) 去計算該專案的價值。
🔖 9) 效率市場假說 (Efficient Market Hypothesis):
效率市場假說是一種財務經濟學中的假說,該假說認為資產的價格會反應市場全部可得的資訊。這個概念直接的暗示就是「要想在風險調整的基礎下一直打敗市場是不可能的」,因為價格應該只會對新的資訊有所反應。
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