[RESEARCH SERIES] Cấu trúc và một số lưu ý khi viết phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu (Research methods)
Khi đọc phần phương pháp nghiên cứu, biên tập viên và người bình duyệt sẽ cơ bản thấy được khả năng nghiên cứu, sự chuyên nghiệp trong nghiên cứu của tác giả. Thông tin được viết trong phần này phải đủ chi tiết để người đọc đánh giá được sự phù hợp của phương pháp nghiên cứu, quy trình thu thập và xử lý dữ liệu bạn đã sử dụng. Bài viết chị chia sẻ hôm nay về kinh nghiệm của TS. Nguyễn Hữu Cương khi viết cấu trúc và một số lưu ý khi viết phần phương pháp nghiên cứu, mọi người đón đọc nhé!
Nếu như phần Tổng quan nghiên cứu (Literature review) được coi là phần khó viết nhất thì phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu được cho là phần dễ viết nhất (nhiều người thường viết phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu đầu tiên) đơn giản bởi vì ta chỉ mô tả lại những gì đã làm trong quá trình lựa chọn phương pháp nghiên cứu, thiết kế công cụ thu thập dữ liệu, thu thập dữ liệu và xử lý dữ liệu. Tuy nhiên, để có một phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu tốt, bạn cần lưu ý là thông tin bạn viết trong phần này phải đủ chi tiết để độc giả đánh giá được sự phù hợp của các phương pháp nghiên cứu bạn đã sử dụng, đánh giá được độ giá trị (validity) và độ tin cậy (reliability) của kết quả nghiên cứu (Belcher, 2019).
Thông thường những thông tin cần viết trong phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu bao gồm:
- Các phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu đã sử dụng (data collection methods): định lượng (quantitative), hay định tính (qualitative), hay hỗn hợp (mixed method).
- Các công cụ thu thập dữ liệu tương ứng với phương pháp thu thập dữ liệu: bảng hỏi (survey questionnaires), dữ liệu phân tích thống kê (statistical analysis) đối với phương pháp định lượng; phỏng vấn (interview), quan sát (observation), phân tích văn bản (document analysis), thảo luận nhóm (focus group)… đối với phương pháp định tính.
- Đối tượng tham gia cung cấp dữ liệu (participants) và chọn mẫu (sampling): mô tả quần thể nghiên cứu (target population), phương pháp chọn mẫu, tổng số mẫu thu được.
- Quá trình thu thập dữ liệu (data collection procedure).
- Phân tích dữ liệu (data analysis): dùng công cụ, phần mềm gì để phân tích dữ liệu, ví dụ SPSS đối với phân tích dữ liệu định lượng hay Nvivo đối với phân tích dữ liệu định tính.
- Những vấn đề cần lưu ý về đạo đức nghiên cứu (ethical considerations), đặc biệt đối với những nghiên cứu liên quan đến trẻ em, người bệnh, người tàn tật, người già (Azevedo et al., 2011; Belcher, 2019).
Một phần lưu ý nữa là bạn nên trình bày phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu theo từng đầu mục (sub-heading) một cách chi tiết để một người không trực tiếp tham gia vào nghiên cứu vẫn hiểu chính xác bạn đã làm gì và tại sao.
Lưu lý là phần Phương pháp nghiên cứu thường chiếm 1/8 (một phần tám) bài báo. Như vậy, với bài viết có độ dài 4000-8000 từ thì Phương pháp nghiên cứu có thể có độ dài tương ứng là 500-1000 từ.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Azevedo, L. F., Canário-Almeida, F., Fonseca, A. J., Costa-Pereira, A, Winck, J. C., & Hespanhol, V. (2011). How to write a scientific paper—writing the methods section. Rev Port Pneumol, 17(5), 232-238.
Belcher, W. L. (2019). Writing your article in 12 weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
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同時也有4部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過5,140的網紅Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音,也在其Youtube影片中提到,PTT is one of the most open social media platforms in the Chinese language. Though it’s not more populous than Facebook, it’s arguably more impactful ...
「quantitative analysis」的推薦目錄:
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quantitative analysis 在 โปรแกรมเมอร์ไทย Thai programmer Facebook 的精選貼文
ยุคโควิด 19 ไม่ต้องหอบสังขารไปเมืองนอก
ก็มีโอกาสเข้าเรียนกับมหาวิทยาลัยระดับโลกได้
ต่อไปนี้เป็นรายชื่อคอร์สออนไลน์ Computer Science
จากมหาวิทยาลัยฮาร์วาร์ด
เรียนฟรี เสียแค่ค่าเน็ต ค่าไฟ ออกกันเองเนอะ
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4) CS50 for Lawyers
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5) CS50's Introduction to Artificial Intelligence with Python
แนะนำ AI เป็น machine learning ด้วยภาษา Python
👉 https://online-learning.harvard.edu/course/cs50s-introduction-artificial-intelligence-python?delta=0
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6) Quantitative Methods for Biology
เรียนพื้นเขียนโปรแกรมและ data analysis ด้วย MATLAB เพื่อเอาไว้ประยุกต์ใช้ในสาขาชีววิทยาและการแพทย์
👉 https://online-learning.harvard.edu/course/quantitative-methods-biology?delta=1
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7) Data Science: Machine Learning
คอร์ส Data Science, Machine learning มีการสร้างระบบแนะนำภาพยนต์
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11) Deploying TinyML
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ผู้เรียนจะเรียนออนไลน์ด้วยตัวเองเป็นภาษาอังกฤษ
ถือว่าฝึกภาษาแล้วกัน
ซึ่งจะเรียนผ่านแพลทฟอร์มของ edx อีกทีครับ
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เวลาเรียนก็คลิกเลือก audit this course
ถ้าอยากได้ใบ cert ก็ต้องเสียเงินครับ
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ก่อนจากกันไปอยากจะแนะนำ
หนังสือ “โปรแกรมเมอร์ก็รวยได้ ด้วยเส้นทางเอาท์ซอร์สสายดำ”
เล่มนี้จะเล่าเรื่องราวของเอาท์ซอร์ส (Outsource) 🔥
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youtube: https://youtu.be/Ljf9iJhLcIs
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quantitative analysis 在 偽學術 Facebook 的最讚貼文
【認真聽】 《#花木蘭》真的有這麼爛嗎? 迪士尼找到的女性新觀念是「#孝」? | 李長潔 👧
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一部電影可以被黑到讓人專程去看,也是一種成就。最近上映的迪士尼電影《花木蘭》,讓大家看得氣氣氣氣氣(#chi),使有點害怕迪士尼公主的我,特地去觀賞這部作品。直接說結論,《花木蘭》還真不是很好看,儘管場景華美,但在敘事情節、鏡頭運作、演繹表達等多方面上,都可以感受到一些足以令人出戲的毛邊。
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真人版《花木蘭》真的有這麼爛嗎?花木蘭是一個怎麼樣的迪士尼公主?迪士尼公主有甚麼性別意義?真人版《花木蘭》居然把華人的「#孝道」拿來當作新世代女性特質,是不是搞錯了甚麼?!
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📌 #今天的內容有:
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▶ 花木蘭到底好不好看?
▶ 迪士尼的公主進化論
▶ 電影中的東方主義
▶ 孝順做為一種美德(?
▶ 雙元孝道的理論模型
▶ 其實花木蘭也沒有很爛啦
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📣 #spotify 聽這裡:https://open.spotify.com/episode/45rT6U9YctNslXtqs122V2?si=vSi4YxCgQ-60v7DFks3xbQ
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📣 #firstory 聽這裡:https://open.firstory.me/story/ckevkz4vfopop0839tan4komg?ref=android
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/////// 完整論述 ///////
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▓ #迪士尼公主論
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從女性主義的觀點來看,性別(gender)具有操演性(#Performativity),也就是說,性別是模仿、表演、施行而成(Boucher, 2006),而媒體就是其中一個形塑性別的機器。Fought與Eisenhauer(2006)的迪士尼公主內容量化研究發現,女性角色的台詞量隨著年代增多,顯示性別意識的進步;而公主的性別特質,也隨時代轉變成更堅強、更獨立的女性。#公主的女性再現,會成為女孩們演繹性別的脈絡,因此,迪士尼當然重視公主的性別形象所帶給大眾的參照性。
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社會學者們也非常在意這些在童年裡扮演重要社會角色的公主,她們是一種「#認同的文本」(Wohlwend, 2012),公主跨媒介地出現在電影、電視、玩具、遊戲中,甚至延伸到日常生活的所有動作。每一個女孩(或男孩)都可以有「#做公主」的機會。(回頭看以為自己是Elsa的5歲乾女鵝)
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▓ #花木蘭中的東方主義
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當然,我絕對不會計較《花木蘭》中文化轉譯上的失誤,甚至是誤讀。這種東方主義(orientalism)(Said, 1979)的傾向,是基於「東方」與「西方」二者之間作本體論與知識論的差異。像是片中土樓場景的使用、對「氣」的理解與詮釋、莫名的鳳凰。在妝容與服飾上倒是還挺符合花木蘭身處的魏晉南北朝,柔然的幾角色設置也還看得出迪士尼的用心。畢竟,《花木蘭》主要觀眾群應該還是西方青少年以下,嚴謹考究的戲劇設定,好像也不是那麼重要了。
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不過,對於真人版《花木蘭》把「#忠孝兩全」作為某種迪士尼公主的價值核心,到底有甚麼問題?
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▓ #孝道的相對主義與絕對主義
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許多評論者把片中置入的「孝」的概念視為父權(中國)勢力的再現,這個部份我覺得可以再思考一下。我們從社會理論來看看,花木蘭被賦予的特殊價值「孝」究竟是甚麼?孝道的文化原型主要奠基於華人家庭對宜農生態環境的適應策略,而孝道的心理原型則根植於親子間自然情感互動的基本需求。
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進一步來說,前者乃是為鞏固家族結構來滿足務農社會之實際生活需求,透過將家庭日常運作與其經濟功能緊密連結,孝道規範逐漸從生計生活經驗中演化成形,藉以促進家庭體系之整合與延續;同時又在人為的政治力量作用下,將儒家特定的倫理階序觀強化為孝道規範的依據,使孝道意識型態從繁複細緻的文化設計進而成為華人首要的「#絕對主義倫理觀」。(葉光輝,2009)
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▓ #孝其實也有很多意涵啦~
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因此,「孝」是一個社會—歷史性的概念,並且在孝道二元模式裡變動拉扯。以「尊親懇親」、「抑己順親」、「奉養祭念」、「護親榮親」四個變項,呈現為「#相互性」與「#權威性」孝道兩個面向。其實,從卡通版到真人版的20年過渡,在女性主體與孝道關係的表現性上,的確有新的進展。一方面,父親與皇帝皆具有「慈」的呼應性,符合相互性的孝之條件。
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此外,花木蘭從一開始的「抑己順親」、「護親榮親」,壓抑自我符合社會關係,轉向「尊親懇親」、「奉養祭念」以真實女性身份,達到孝道的境界,更加符合相互性的孝。我覺得,評論者在一個「現代性」的自我要求下,去批判該片對孝道關係性的掙脫與自我表達,稍有失去對孝道多元意義的真正理解,有直接將孝道掛上「中國」、「傳統」沉痾之嫌。
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▓ #不好看也不難看
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其實說來有趣,《花木蘭》引起大眾對孝道的敏感,但實際上是對中國的對抗。但回顧現代孝道的論述形構,反而是中國的文化大革命,承接了源自胡適、魯迅五四運動的「#反孝」。而在台灣的情境中,因為國民黨執政時期中華文化復興委員會的「#崇孝」運動,權威性孝道則比較常出現在台灣。我想這是一個台灣人的症狀式閱讀。
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至於真人版《花木蘭》到底好不好看呢?找片源看就好…
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#參考文獻:
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1. Boucher, G. (2006). The politics of performativity: A critique of Judith Butler. Parrhesia: a journal of critical philosophy, 1, 112-141.
2. Fought, C., & Eisenhauer, K. (2016). A quantitative analysis of gendered compliments in Disney princess films. In Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting presentation.
3. Wohlwend, K. E. (2012). ‘Are you guys girls?’: Boys, identity texts, and Disney princess play. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 12(1), 3-23.
4. Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage.
5. 葉光輝. (2009). 華人孝道雙元模型研究的回顧與前瞻. 本土心理學研究》(台北), 32-101.
quantitative analysis 在 Ghost Island Media 鬼島之音 Youtube 的最佳貼文
PTT is one of the most open social media platforms in the Chinese language. Though it’s not more populous than Facebook, it’s arguably more impactful than Facebook here in Taiwan. It’s a reflection of Taiwan's spirited democracy, and it’s used heavily as a source for local journalists.
We speak with two INDSR researchers on a year-long project, “A Pilot Study on PTT in the Context of Influence Operations” (批踢踢影響力作戰前導研究)which attempts to identify CCP state actors on the platfor. The researchers are Oddis J.F. Tsai (Policy Analyst at the Division of Defense Strategy and Resources) and Dr. Jui-Ming Hung (Assistant Research Fellow at the Division of Defense Strategy and Resources).
The paper lays out mechanics and - through quantitative analysis - identifies types of suspect behavior on the world’s largest non-commercial, forum-based, open-source online bulletin board system in the Chinese language. This interview was recorded in January 2021 after the paper was published by INDSR.
Today’s host is J.R. Wu - a non-resident advisor at INDSR (Institute for National Defense and Security Research) in Taiwan. Wu is a former journalist with nearly two decades of media experience in the US and Asia. She has led news bureaus for Reuters and Dow Jones.
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quantitative analysis 在 長谷川ろみの腸活研究所 Youtube 的最讚貼文
シナモン白湯にハマっています。
ほうれい線が薄くなるといいなぁ…しみしわたるみもなくなったらいいなぁ…。
↓おすすめの白湯の作り方です。
https://youtu.be/gRtRKAZ9HvY
#シナモン
#スパイス
#アンチエイジング
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▼関連動画
シナモンの種類と美容・健康効果は違う!あまり知られていない安全性の激しい差
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=St5TfAeXH7E
シナモンパウダーの効果を徹底解明!産地によって副作用も??シナモンでゴースト血管撃退!毛細血管のケア抗酸化効果・育毛効果も!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKrq4O6g13Q
コーヒーにシナモンを入れると痩せて老化防止に?シナモンコーヒーの美容・健康効果5選!一日の目安量は?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAovSFXqqYQ
スパイスの栄養学。スパイスで体の炎症を取る!素晴らしい効果をご紹介します【栄養チャンネル信長】
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH9mr-rEyu8
▼参考論文&研究
シナモン含有食品中のクマリンについて
https://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/shokuhin/hyouka/files/20hyouka2-siryo2-3.pdf
Authentication and quantitative analysis on the chemical profile of cassia bark (cortex cinnamomi) by high-pressure liquid chromatography
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15796573/
資生堂、加齢による皮膚毛細血管の機能低下が皮膚老化に関与していることを解明
https://corp.shiseido.com/jp/releimg/1693-j.pdf
※この動画は、診断・治療または医療アドバイスを提供しているわけではありません。あくまで情報提供のみを目的としています。
※診断や治療に関する医療については、医師または医療専門家に相談してください。この動画は医療専門家からのアドバイスに代わるものでもありません。
quantitative analysis 在 我要做富翁 Youtube 的最讚貼文
聽到量化分析,很多朋友會以為需要大量的統計,以及高超的編程技巧,配合專用的軟件才可進行。其實以上都是大家的錯覺,只要用 Excel 都可做到很多量化分析的工作,而且只要一般的算式就可以。今集 Eva 會以騰訊的數據,看一下如果使用 #移動平均線(MA)的策略操作,是否能有盈利。喜歡我們內容,記得按讚及訂閱,投資不是大鱷專利!
#量化分析 #移動平均 #Excel分析 #街頭智慧 #程式交易
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quantitative analysis 在 Quantitative analysis (finance) - Wikipedia 的相關結果
Quantitative analysis is the use of mathematical and statistical methods in finance and investment management. Those working in the field are quantitative ... ... <看更多>
quantitative analysis 在 Quantitative Analysis - Definition, Techniques and Applications 的相關結果
What is Quantitative Analysis? · Quantitative analysis is the process of collecting and evaluating measurable and verifiable data such as revenues, market share, ... ... <看更多>
quantitative analysis 在 Quantitative Analysis (QA) Definition - Investopedia 的相關結果
Quantitative analysis (QA) is a technique that uses mathematical and statistical modeling, measurement, and research to understand behavior. ... <看更多>