【字典查不到的答案】老師,solid / firm 這兩個字都是「紮實」,該怎麼區分?
今天我們要來看一個,英英字典也難以解決的問題。
近年來越來越多人開始注意搭配詞、語塊的學習。語塊的學習,其實可以以一個比較有效率、實際的方式,解決傳統教學中「字辨」的議題。
曾經是學生的時候,我也曾經著迷過「字辨」,喜歡從定義下手,搞清楚什麼字跟什麼字的差別到底是什麼。
但學了語言習得科學以後,知道這樣的 explicit knowledge 是否能順利地轉換成寫作、口說時「即時」要使用的能力 (implicit knowledge) 還有很大的疑問時,我開始尋找答案。
✔︎ 後來找到了 "usage-based approach" 這個圍繞在語塊、頻率等概念學習外語的方式。
例如,很多學生都問過我 solid 和 firm 的分別。傳統的教學法可能是翻很多不同的字典,讓學生理解定義的些微差距。但實際的世界就是:「大家在使用時,根本沒有時間想那些細微差距、有些時候也分不出來差別」。
這時我們就可以借用「語料庫對於語塊的統計整理」,暫時幫我們解決問題。其中我們可以分成 3 大面向:
1️⃣ 只有 solid 可以接
solid waste、food 固體垃圾、食物
a solid majority 絕大多數
solid proof 強而有力的證據
a solid player 能力很不錯的球員
a solid 6 hours 整整 6 個鐘頭
a solid start 不錯的、好的開始
solid effort 紮紮實實的努力
2️⃣ 只有 firm 可以接
a firm believer 堅定的信仰者
a firm handshake 堅定、強而有力的握手
a firm voice 堅定的聲音
a firm stand 堅定的立場 (solid 偶爾可以,但不高頻)
firm tofu 硬的、老豆腐
3️⃣ solid 和 firm 都可以接
a firm / solid foundation 良好、紮實的基礎
firm / solid support 有力的支持
a firm / solid performance 穩紮穩打的表現
a firm / solid understanding 良好的理解
to be on firm / solid ground 有理論基礎、站得住腳的
其實我們日常生活中、工作上、學術上會用到的表達方式,都是有一定範圍的。將這些東西先整理好,加以用對的方式練習,短期間之內可以把英文學好絕對不只是口號而已。
在 6/1 (一) 我會帶來一場改變ㄧ生英文文法、搭配詞公開課。如果你喜歡「實際」、但又基於實證科學的英語學習方式,如果你想要將過去學習的洞一個一個補起來,我有信心一定能對你的學習帶來改變。
公開課名額有限,請確認出席後方才報名,確保每個人的學習權利。感謝!
公開課一秒報名:https://www.accupass.com/event/2005160334409934872000
• 時間: 6/1 (一) 19:30 - 21:00 pm (19:00 開始入場)
• 地點: 台北市朱崙街60號2F (MRT 南京復興站)
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過39萬的網紅Chen Lily,也在其Youtube影片中提到,🌲 Lily英文聊天術(口說課程):https://bit.ly/36I05CF 📚 Lily新制托福課程:https://bit.ly/2GIs3mC 1. 顯性知識 (Explicit knowledge): 有意識,可以言說的語言知識,例如文法規則。成人學習者大多學習顯性知識。 2. 隱性...
implicit knowledge 在 Scholarship for Vietnamese students Facebook 的最佳解答
Fully funded PhD position at the University of Amsterdam in reinforcement learning for telepresence robotics:
The Informatics Institute at the University of Amsterdam invites applications for a fully funded position for a PhD student in the area of reinforcement learning for telepresence robotics The position is within the Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam and will be supervised by dr. Shimon Whiteson and. dr. Maarten van Someren.
Application closing date: 6 September 2013
Starting date: 1 December 2013 (later starting date is possible).
Duration: 4 years.
The research will focus on the development of new algorithms for discovering socially appropriate behavior for a semi-autonomous telepresence robot by integrating multiple sources of implicit feedback from the robot's environment. Doing so will require new reinforcement learning techniques, as well as other types of machine learning. The research will be conducted as part of a European project called "Telepresence Reinforcement Learning Social Robot (TERESA)", which the University of Amsterdam coordinates and collaborates on with several other European universities and companies. The project aims to develop a socially intelligent semi-autonomous telepresence robot and successfully demonstrate its application in an elderly day center.
Applicants must have a master's degree in computer science or a closely related area.
In addition, a successful candidate should have:
* strong math skills.
* good knowledge of modern machine learning methods (specific knowledge of reinforcement learning and/or decision-theoretic planning is a plus).
* good knowledge of robotics.
* experience programming in at least one of the following languages: C, C++, Java, Python, or Perl.
* excellent oral and written communication skills.
The successful candidate will be based in the Intelligent Systems Lab Amsterdam (ISLA) within the Informatics Institute at the University of Amsterdam. The institute was recently ranked among the top 50 computer science departments in the world by the QS World University IT Rankings. ISLA consists of 20 members of faculty, 20 post-doctoral researchers, and more than 50 PhD students. Members of the lab are actively pursuing a variety of research initiatives, including machine learning, decision-theoretic planning and learning, multiagent systems, human-computer-interaction, natural language processing, information retrieval, and computer vision.
Some of the things we have to offer:
* competitive pay and excellent benefits
* extremely friendly working environment
* high-level of interaction
* location near the city center (10 minutes by bicycle) of one Europe's most beautiful and lively cities
* international environment (10+ nationalities in the group)
* access to high-end computing facilities (cluster with 4,000+ cores)
* brand-new building
Since Amsterdam is a very international city where almost everybody speaks and understands English, candidates need not be afraid of the language barrier.
For further information, including instructions on submitting an application, see the official job ad at:
http://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/working-at-the-uva/phd-positions/item/13-245.html
Informal inquiries can be made by email to Shimon Whiteson (s.a.whiteson@uva.nl).
PhD Candidate in the area of reinforcement learning for telepresence robotics - University of...
www.uva.nl
PhD Candidate in the area of reinforcement learning for telepresence roboticsFaculty of Science – Informatics InstitutePublication date6 August
implicit knowledge 在 Chen Lily Youtube 的最佳解答
🌲 Lily英文聊天術(口說課程):https://bit.ly/36I05CF
📚 Lily新制托福課程:https://bit.ly/2GIs3mC
1. 顯性知識 (Explicit knowledge):
有意識,可以言說的語言知識,例如文法規則。成人學習者大多學習顯性知識。
2. 隱性知識 (Implicit knowledge):
無意識,單純直覺的語言知識,例如:「這樣就怪怪的,沒人這樣講」。母語者所有的語言知識。
* 成人學習者只要用對方法,也絕對有可能擁有如母語者般的隱性知識(aka. 語感)
** 流利的外語學習者,往往同時使用兩種知識喔!
Reference:
Loewen, S. (2015). Introduction to instructed second language education. New York: Routledge
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ღ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chennlilyy/
ღ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/chennlilyy/
ღ 合作邀約:chenlilyofficial@gmail.com
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我是Lily Chen. 加拿大McGill University 語言教育碩士
我的頻道分享語言學習方法、實境生活英文,以及留學、托福相關資訊
希望能藉由應用語言學的知識,讓更多人成為自信的bilingual(雙語者)
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