關於 green product market share ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

第四集 (一連七集) 哈佛知識分享: What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?

一開始我講過:

"The first test of a strategy is whether your value proposition is different from your rivals. If you are trying to serve the same customers and meet the same needs and sell at the same relative price, then you don't have a strategy. " by Michael Porter

如果你嘅價值主張係同你嘅競爭對手一樣， 即係話你服務緊同一班顧客， 解決緊同一問題， 收緊差唔多價錢的話， 哈佛教授米高波特就講你係「人做你做」，你「無策略」 。

咁何謂一個好嘅策略 Good Strategy? 教授講要經得起五個 Tests:

A distinctive value proposition 獨特的價值主張

A tailored value chain 度身訂造的企業價值鏈

Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手不同的「取捨」

Fit across value chain 成條企業價值鏈的活動要配合

Continuity over time 持續性、持續性，不能一時一樣

今集先再你講(1) 同 (2)。 (1) 何謂獨特的價值主張? 你先回答以下三條問題，睇下你同競爭對手有乜唔同。

Which customers are you serving? (What end users? What channels?) 你服務緊邊班客? 誰是最終顧客? 什麼渠道接觸他們?

Which needs are you going to meet? (What products、features、services?) 你想滿足他們什麼需求? 什麼產品、特徵 、服務?

What relative price? (Premium or discount?) 相比起競爭對手，你打算賣貴啲或平啲?

"The value proposition is the element of strategy that looks outward at customers, at the demand side of the business. The value chain focuses internally on operations. Strategy is fundamentally integrative, bringing the demand and supply sides together." by Michael Porter

策略入面的「價值主張」 是從由顧客的「需求」角度出發。 「企業價值鏈」反而是由內部的營運流程「供應」出發。 策略的基礎就係把「需求」及「供應」兩者整合在一起。

你要有好嘅策略，你就要第 (2) Have a tailored value chain 有一條度身訂造的企業價值鏈。由入貨、加工、包裝、市場推廣、 銷售 、出貨、至售後服務都要同競爭對手唔同， 都係度身訂做去服務你以上「價值主張」要服務的顧客。

Michael Porter 話做生意常犯嘅錯誤，亦都係最忌嘅就係 "Stuck in the middle" 「卡住喺中間」。即係平又唔係平過人， 靚又唔係靚過人， 服務嗰班客或者佢哋嘅需求又唔係特別嘅過人，咁你就乜唔係，「價值主張」無乜特別，好難突出。咁你可以點?

例如， 如果就咁開間租車公司，你點同業界巨頭 Hertz, Budget, Avis 打呢? 好容易就 "Stuck in the middle"， 因此絕大部分嘅租車公司你都唔會識，我亦都唔會提。 但美國有間獨特的租車公司，Zipcar， 佢同一般嘅租車公司好唔同。

Zipcar 唔係好似絕大部分嘅租車公司咁， target 區外客， 到咗某個城市要租車週圍走。佢係 target 平時市區內住，無養車， 但突然間想租車走一轉嘅人仕。佢唔係按「日租」，而係按「時租」， 你想去超級市場買一轉餸都可以租。

Zipcar冇話特定嘅租車中心， 而係啲車周街泊， 透過佢嘅Apps 你就知道架車泊咗係邊度及還車地點。 咁就更加方便同埋近你屋企。公司營運成本都平好多。

Zipcar 的車種經常畀人感覺係較 “Cool" ，比較型仔啲、環保啲。 佢唔會花好多錢大賣電視/戶外廣告，而係喺架車身上面貼住大大個公司 hip logo，變相周街免費流動廣告。

Zipcar 叫自己做 Car Sharing Company, not Car Rental Company。因為唔係個個人都租得，而只係付月費/年費的會員才能夠租。 依家月費每月7元美金或年費70元美金。咁佢就可以每次收費更平出租，但重複地賺你個月費年費。 佢想建立個形象就係 Car Sharing 遠遠環保過自己一個買架、保養、同埋棄置成架車。專攻年輕、活躍、較 "Green“ 的新一代。

Zipcar 仲有好多好多嘅特點講唔晒。總之就係，佢嘅 value proposition 價值主張 (Which Customers? Which Needs? What Relative Price?) 同所有其他租車公司巨頭都唔同， 成條嘅企業價值都係為咗個「價值主張」而去度身訂，同所有競爭對手都好唔同。

記住前幾集我同你講過，what's the right mind-set for competition? 你應該點諗競爭?

盡量得，你應該諗 Not be the the best, but be unique。 唔係要做到最好，而係做到最獨特。Zipcar is unique.

Not be number 1, but earn higher returns. 唔係要做到第一，而係要多啲回報，賺多啲錢! Zipcar 回報最高嘅係不斷重複收嘅月費年費，最穩定。

Not focus on market share, but focus on profits. 唔係要市佔率，係要利潤。Zipcar 賺錢。

Not serve the "best" customer with "best" product, but meet the diverse needs of target customers. 唔係要「最好」嘅產品，畀「最好」嘅客。而係用唔同嘅產品，滿足唔同顧客嘅需求。Zipcar 班客同其他租車公司好唔同。

Not compete by imitation, but compete by innovation. 唔係人做你做，而係要創新! Zipcar 肯定創新。

Not ZERO SUM game, but POSITIVE SUM. 唔係「零和遊戲」、互相廝殺， 而係大家從不同層面創造價值， 可以有好多個贏家。Zipcar 吸引咗一班平時唔係租開車嘅客， 佢做大咗個餅。

Zipcar 就係做到上 "Be Unique“ 嘅表表者。因此短短幾年間就可以係租車業界一支箭咁標上去，2000年係美國波士頓創立, 2013年就俾另一租車業界巨頭 Avis Budget Group 以美金5億收購了。2016年9月 Zipcar 公佈，全球9個國家，500個城市，擁有超過一百萬個會員。 一百萬個付費會員， 即使全部人唔租車，只係收月費年費都幾和味。 呢個就係我成日所講嘅做生意要做「農夫」，唔好做「獵人」，必須要客人係重複性購買， 你塊田先至會越嚟越大。

包括我自己在內，如果我純粹買賣舖， 根本我同其他商舖投資者無分別， 我錢又唔夠佢哋多，經驗又唔夠佢哋老到。 直接對撼，I have no strategy! 但我做「商舖基金」就完全唔同啦。班目標顧客、佢哋嘅需求、我所收嘅價錢，都完全唔同。 大家都係做「舖」，但我成條做「舖」嘅「企業價值鏈」， 由集資、買舖、 整理間舖、搵租客、諗計仔幫佢做多啲生意、至出售間舖、同售後服務， 都係同其他競爭對手唔同。亦都解釋咗點解， 即使社運/肺炎，我哋基金每季集資起碼6000港幣都季季爆額，近年全香港買賣街舖無人多過我哋， 我相信只要我哋專注係我哋條買舖的獨特嘅「企業價值鏈」，未來幾十年香港都唔會有人買賣舖多過我哋。

"Choices in the value proposition that limit what a company will do are essential to strategy because they create the opportunity to tailor activities in a way that best delivers that kind of value." by Michael Porter

「選擇」係重要嘅! 你公司就要選有乜嘢做，同更重要 - 有乜嘢唔做，咁你先至可以更加度身訂造地做好你成條「企業價值鏈」，去為你嘅「價值主張」創造最佳價值。

有興趣一齊研究下點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (3) Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手，應該有什麼不同的「取捨」?

。。。。。

My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!

九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!

哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?

講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。

有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。

9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時。地點中環。

對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。

有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。

我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin

www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com

聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143

#michael_porter #競爭策略

第四集 (一連七集) 哈佛知識分享: What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?

一開始我講過:

"The first test of a strategy is whether your value proposition is different from your rivals. If you are trying to serve the same customers and meet the same needs and sell at the same relative price, then you don't have a strategy. " by Michael Porter

如果你嘅價值主張係同你嘅競爭對手一樣， 即係話你服務緊同一班顧客， 解決緊同一問題， 收緊差唔多價錢的話， 哈佛教授米高波特就講你係「人做你做」，你「無策略」 。

咁何謂一個好嘅策略 Good Strategy? 教授講要經得起五個 Tests:

A distinctive value proposition 獨特的價值主張

A tailored value chain 度身訂造的企業價值鏈

Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手不同的「取捨」

Fit across value chain 成條企業價值鏈的活動要配合

Continuity over time 持續性、持續性，不能一時一樣

今集先再你講(1) 同 (2)。 (1) 何謂獨特的價值主張? 你先回答以下三條問題，睇下你同競爭對手有乜唔同。

Which customers are you serving? (What end users? What channels?) 你服務緊邊班客? 誰是最終顧客? 什麼渠道接觸他們?

Which needs are you going to meet? (What products、features、services?) 你想滿足他們什麼需求? 什麼產品、特徵 、服務?

What relative price? (Premium or discount?) 相比起競爭對手，你打算賣貴啲或平啲?

"The value proposition is the element of strategy that looks outward at customers, at the demand side of the business. The value chain focuses internally on operations. Strategy is fundamentally integrative, bringing the demand and supply sides together." by Michael Porter

策略入面的「價值主張」 是從由顧客的「需求」角度出發。 「企業價值鏈」反而是由內部的營運流程「供應」出發。 策略的基礎就係把「需求」及「供應」兩者整合在一起。

你要有好嘅策略，你就要第 (2) Have a tailored value chain 有一條度身訂造的企業價值鏈。由入貨、加工、包裝、市場推廣、 銷售 、出貨、至售後服務都要同競爭對手唔同， 都係度身訂做去服務你以上「價值主張」要服務的顧客。

Michael Porter 話做生意常犯嘅錯誤，亦都係最忌嘅就係 "Stuck in the middle" 「卡住喺中間」。即係平又唔係平過人， 靚又唔係靚過人， 服務嗰班客或者佢哋嘅需求又唔係特別嘅過人，咁你就乜唔係，「價值主張」無乜特別，好難突出。咁你可以點?

例如， 如果就咁開間租車公司，你點同業界巨頭 Hertz, Budget, Avis 打呢? 好容易就 "Stuck in the middle"， 因此絕大部分嘅租車公司你都唔會識，我亦都唔會提。 但美國有間獨特的租車公司，Zipcar， 佢同一般嘅租車公司好唔同。

Zipcar 唔係好似絕大部分嘅租車公司咁， target 區外客， 到咗某個城市要租車週圍走。佢係 target 平時市區內住，無養車， 但突然間想租車走一轉嘅人仕。佢唔係按「日租」，而係按「時租」， 你想去超級市場買一轉餸都可以租。

Zipcar冇話特定嘅租車中心， 而係啲車周街泊， 透過佢嘅Apps 你就知道架車泊咗係邊度及還車地點。 咁就更加方便同埋近你屋企。公司營運成本都平好多。

Zipcar 的車種經常畀人感覺係較 “Cool" ，比較型仔啲、環保啲。 佢唔會花好多錢大賣電視/戶外廣告，而係喺架車身上面貼住大大個公司 hip logo，變相周街免費流動廣告。

Zipcar 叫自己做 Car Sharing Company, not Car Rental Company。因為唔係個個人都租得，而只係付月費/年費的會員才能夠租。 依家月費每月7元美金或年費70元美金。咁佢就可以每次收費更平出租，但重複地賺你個月費年費。 佢想建立個形象就係 Car Sharing 遠遠環保過自己一個買架、保養、同埋棄置成架車。專攻年輕、活躍、較 "Green“ 的新一代。

Zipcar 仲有好多好多嘅特點講唔晒。總之就係，佢嘅 value proposition 價值主張 (Which Customers? Which Needs? What Relative Price?) 同所有其他租車公司巨頭都唔同， 成條嘅企業價值都係為咗個「價值主張」而去度身訂，同所有競爭對手都好唔同。

記住前幾集我同你講過，what's the right mind-set for competition? 你應該點諗競爭?

盡量得，你應該諗 Not be the the best, but be unique。 唔係要做到最好，而係做到最獨特。Zipcar is unique.

Not be number 1, but earn higher returns. 唔係要做到第一，而係要多啲回報，賺多啲錢! Zipcar 回報最高嘅係不斷重複收嘅月費年費，最穩定。

Not focus on market share, but focus on profits. 唔係要市佔率，係要利潤。Zipcar 賺錢。

Not serve the "best" customer with "best" product, but meet the diverse needs of target customers. 唔係要「最好」嘅產品，畀「最好」嘅客。而係用唔同嘅產品，滿足唔同顧客嘅需求。Zipcar 班客同其他租車公司好唔同。

Not compete by imitation, but compete by innovation. 唔係人做你做，而係要創新! Zipcar 肯定創新。

Not ZERO SUM game, but POSITIVE SUM. 唔係「零和遊戲」、互相廝殺， 而係大家從不同層面創造價值， 可以有好多個贏家。Zipcar 吸引咗一班平時唔係租開車嘅客， 佢做大咗個餅。

Zipcar 就係做到上 "Be Unique“ 嘅表表者。因此短短幾年間就可以係租車業界一支箭咁標上去，2000年係美國波士頓創立, 2013年就俾另一租車業界巨頭 Avis Budget Group 以美金5億收購了。2016年9月 Zipcar 公佈，全球9個國家，500個城市，擁有超過一百萬個會員。 一百萬個付費會員， 即使全部人唔租車，只係收月費年費都幾和味。 呢個就係我成日所講嘅做生意要做「農夫」，唔好做「獵人」，必須要客人係重複性購買， 你塊田先至會越嚟越大。

包括我自己在內，如果我純粹買賣舖， 根本我同其他商舖投資者無分別， 我錢又唔夠佢哋多，經驗又唔夠佢哋老到。 直接對撼，I have no strategy! 但我做「商舖基金」就完全唔同啦。班目標顧客、佢哋嘅需求、我所收嘅價錢，都完全唔同。 大家都係做「舖」，但我成條做「舖」嘅「企業價值鏈」， 由集資、買舖、 整理間舖、搵租客、諗計仔幫佢做多啲生意、至出售間舖、同售後服務， 都係同其他競爭對手唔同。亦都解釋咗點解， 即使社運/肺炎，我哋基金每季集資起碼6000港幣都季季爆額，近年全香港買賣街舖無人多過我哋， 我相信只要我哋專注係我哋條買舖的獨特嘅「企業價值鏈」，未來幾十年香港都唔會有人買賣舖多過我哋。

"Choices in the value proposition that limit what a company will do are essential to strategy because they create the opportunity to tailor activities in a way that best delivers that kind of value." by Michael Porter

「選擇」係重要嘅! 你公司就要選有乜嘢做，同更重要 - 有乜嘢唔做，咁你先至可以更加度身訂造地做好你成條「企業價值鏈」，去為你嘅「價值主張」創造最佳價值。

有興趣一齊研究下點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (3) Trade-offs different from rivals 同競爭對手，應該有什麼不同的「取捨」?

。。。。。

My hobby 《星期六早餐會》!

九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying "Michael Porter" to your business: How to compete and win!

哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏?

講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。

有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。

9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時。地點中環。

對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。

有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。

我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwin

www.edwinlee.com.hk
www.bwfund.com

聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143

#michael_porter #競爭策略

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

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