不少讀者在澳洲生活或者將會移民澳洲,或許會對以下內容有興趣。
最近上了幾個COVID management的課,臨床上遇到不少COVID個案,跟同大家分享下澳洲COVID現時的情況
***以下內容只作參考、分享和討論用途,實際臨床治療請根據個別醫院的指引)***
【澳洲現時狀況】
主要爆發在於NSW,其他States每日確診數目前仍然為個位或雙位數,但Victoria有急速增長的潛力。所以地區的爆發個案以Delta為主。
NSW經歷兩個月封城後,並未能成功把Delta壓下來,現時每日400+個案,累積個案已8000+,ICU使用量約60+。全個NSW有約500到600張ICU病床,政府宣佈如有需要可double ICU病床數量。不過目前已有約11-14%的ICU被COVID病人佔用。未來兩星期及往後的兩個月專家預計每月確診數會升至1000+的四位數字。
為什麼封城好像沒用?很多專家有不同解說,可能是疫苗覆蓋率太低、部分民眾繼續馬照跑舞照跳開BBQ Party、封城以唧牙膏方式逐個Suburb逐個封、一年半後都仍然有人不肯戴口罩或戴不好個口罩、一年半後仍然可以出現院內交叉感染等等。
【臨床上我們學會了什麼?】
最新的研究仍然顯示重症大多是未接種疫苗的民眾,值得注意的是Delta除了傳播率更高外,似乎造成重症的機會比起original/alpha更高,特別是針對年輕群體。不過目前數據很多confounding factors,到底是因為年輕群體大多未打疫苗/未排隊打到疫苗,所以比較容易出現重症定還是delta的殺傷力比較大,相信過多幾個月有更多數據便會更清晰。
感染後一般的disease course是怎樣?
大約80%會是輕症、10-15%會是moderate to severe(大多需要住院治療)、5%是重症(Critical,或需要ICU)。Incubation period大部分3-5日就開始病發,delta似乎更短,但可長至14-21日不等。
具更高風險的群體為男性、長者、本身有心臟病、肺病、免疫系統不良、糖尿病(1/2型)、長期腎病、吸煙等等。
病發後通常day 5-8開始惡化,9-12日就開始peak,常見併發症有肺部、心臟、血栓、炎症性反應等等。
肺部如大家都相當了解,常見的為非典型性肺炎的bilateral peripheral lower zone pattern,但這種pattern亦在老人/COPD群體上的atypical bacterial pneumonia較為常見,所以並不能只靠CXR去判斷,CT Chest的話有更多defining features。不過早期病發的話,imaging未必好conclusive。歐美甚至現時澳洲,基本上你發燒或有呼吸道徵症都會幫你驗COVID。
心臟的話如任何病毒性感染,都有myocarditis的風險,同時如果嚴重的cytokine storm和multi organ failures的話,T2MI亦相當常見。臨床可疑的話ECG和troponin都不會少做。
血栓風險其實不低,如任何嚴重炎症性疾病或感染,COVID的PE風險視乎人種和Studies,都有差不多1-3%。歐美加澳等白人為主的國家以往多數有hospital policy, for any hospital admission > 24 hours都會建議打40mg SC enoxaparin作DVT prophylaxis,但有趣的是亞洲人血栓的風險其實低好多,亞洲地區甚少打prophylactic enoxaparin,但somehow日常都會照幫亞洲病人打,到底是否合適,就值得商榷。不過因為COVID,現時不少臨床建議感染COVID住院的話都打prophylactic enoxaparin。不過therapeutic enoxaparin (1mg/kg BD)就發現似乎對outcome沒有重大影響,更可能增加出血風險。
亦有個別指引建議如有臨床懷疑的話定期驗一驗D-dimer,但不少不幸染上COVID的病人都有underlying disease本身都會增加d-dimer,如果你d-dimer positive你都基本上要CTPA,但CTPA你照完1個COVID病人又要deep clean間房,下個照CT的病人便要等一輪,到底驗還是不驗,仍然是臨床上不簡單的選擇。
【目前治療的選擇】
目前有較多證據支持的藥物有Dexamethasone,類固醇似乎永遠不會令人類失望。NEJM鼎鼎大名的RECOVERY Trial發現6mg PO/IV daily可以減低重症患者28 days mortality,特別對於需要氧氣支援和插喉患者最為有用,亦可減小ARDS的機會。但對沒有氧氣需求的患者來說並無重大分別。所以輕症並不建議使用Dexamethasone
Remdesivir早期被譽為神藥,NEJM研究發現對輕症並無重大作用,但對中等至嚴重患者來說則有縮短住院時間的好處,特別在需要氧氣支援的患者上。但似乎對已插喉的患者身上無重大幫助,可能由於插喉已是最後手段而插得喉時抗病毒或許已非最重要的因素,而是應對那可惡的ARDS
Tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor),以往用在自體免疫系統炎症性疾病,如類風濕關節炎等。近一兩年在COVID的臨床研究其實都相當controversial,有些研究顯示有用,有些顯示無重大分別,但最近似乎又有新數據對於重症病人來說在控制cytokine storm上有不錯的效果。不過仍然需要更多數據、在使用時機和跟其他藥物配合上。
另外亦開始有研究使用Baricitinib (JAK inhibitor),跟Tocilizumab一樣,原是用在自體免疫系統炎症性疾病,如類風濕關節炎等。目前研究亦是似乎有控制cytokines storm,在重症上有正面效果。不過仍然需要更多數據、在使用時機和跟其他藥物配合上。
在美國亦有時會用到Regeneron的monoclonal antibodies,不過美國外的地方基本上都未引入,相信一來天價、二來貨量亦不足供應全球。有興趣可以自己google一下。
最後就是回歸病毒感染大多都是依賴支援性療法,人類到目前為止都仍然未有方法可以有效地殺死病毒,大多只能靠免疫系統,用藥物抑制病毒生成速度,讓免疫系統和抗體清除病毒。
於COVID治療中最常見的便是氧氣,如mild to moderate的一般只要nasal cannula支,大部分病人aim saturation >90%。但嚴重或重症時便要考慮high flow或NIV或插喉。不過NIV或插喉大多需要ICU支援,而插喉後比較麻煩的是好多時都wean不甩條喉,所以一般除非到最後階段都避免插喉,而當病人惡化到必須插喉時,Tocilizumab和Baricitinib似乎未有非常好的效果,可能已經miss the boat?這需要更多數據和研究
另外就是有趣的是intermittent prone position似乎對血含氧量有改善。不過到底對預後有無幫助就仍然未明。
今日暫時講到呢到,最近澳洲大爆發,作為前線醫生都遇到不少COVID病人,如果大家有興趣,下篇跟大家分享一下前線醫護面對的困難和壓力。
同時也有7部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過8萬的網紅putreeo,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Salam , hi guys ! ok first of all mind my coming-off-lashes and my extremely dry skin in this vid lol . Second of all i am just so excited for this gi...
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conclusive 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文
conclusive 在 王郁揚 WHO FCTC 菸草減害專家 Facebook 的最讚貼文
20161012 黃國昌 長照財源 財政 衛福部 菸稅 菸捐 財政部長 許虞哲 【立法院演哪齣?】
conclusive 在 putreeo Youtube 的最讚貼文
Salam , hi guys ! ok first of all mind my coming-off-lashes and my extremely dry skin in this vid lol . Second of all i am just so excited for this giveaway for you guys ! I am collaborating with the ever amazing Youtuber @Faafirds & BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA in organizing a BROWS Starter kit GIVEAWAY contest in Malaysia.Comment which brow kits your would love to win, to stand a chance of winning the Benefit Brow Starter kits worth RM175 each !
|| TERMS AND CONDITION ||
The contest period is from 16 November 2016 to 26 November 2016. Do not enter this contest if you are not a legal resident of, and located in, Malaysia at the time of entry.
This giveaway-contest is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with, Facebook. You are providing your information to Benefit Cosmetics Malaysia and not to Facebook.
This giveaway-contest is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with Youtube.
ELIGIBILITY
This contest is open to all female from the age of 18 and above. Employees, agents or representatives of BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA or their respective affiliates, sponsors, advertising and promotional agencies, or members of their immediate family or any person with whom they are domiciled may participate but are not entitled to win the prizes.
WINNER
The announcement of winner shall take place on @Putreeo & @Faafirds Instagram page on the 2 December 2016.
Winner will need to respond by writing in to the BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA’s Facebook inbox with the following details:
Fullname (according to IC)
Date of birth
Email Address
Contact Number
PRIZES
1- 1Bigger & Bolder Brows Kit ( shade #3)
2- 4 Soft & Natural Brows Kit ( shade #3)
3- 5 Defined & Refined Brows Kit ( shade #3)
BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA’s & Its collaborators’ decision on the winner is final and conclusive and no correspondence will be entertained. BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA & the collaborators reserves the right to disqualify winners if it has reasonable grounds to suspect that fraudulent if it considers an invalid Instagram account or does not meet the contest terms & conditions.
PARTICIPATING SYSTEM
To participate:
Step 1 : Watch both the videos & subscribe to @faafirds , @putreeo YT channel, Follow @BenefitMalaysia Instagram page .
Step 2 : Comment which set participant would like to win on YT channel comments, & @BenefitMalaysia Influencer’s finished look post.
Link for Faa's vid - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0L2te_SLyow
Link for Benefit Malaysia's instagram - https://www.instagram.com/benefitmalaysia/
Contest ends : 26 November 2016, Saturday 11.59pm
Winners must be able to collect prizes from Mid Valley Megamall | female above the age of 18yo
|| MUSIC ||
https://soundcloud.com/futureclassic/basenji-cant-get-enough-1
conclusive 在 Faa Firds Youtube 的最讚貼文
November is my birthday month, there will be a lot a lot more giveaways! So make sure you stay tuned here :)
I'm still so stoked because I got to collaborate with @putreeo & special thanks to BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA for organizing a BROWS Starter kit GIVEAWAY contest in Malaysia. Comment which brow kits your would love to win & stand a chance of winning the Benefit Brow Starter kits worth RM175 each!
Terms & Conditions:
The contest period is from 16 November 2016 to 26 November 2016. Do not enter this contest if you are not a legal resident of, and located in, Malaysia at the time of entry.
This giveaway-contest is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with, Facebook. You are providing your information to Benefit Cosmetics Malaysia and not to Facebook.
This giveaway-contest is in no way sponsored, endorsed or administered by, or associated with Youtube.
Eligibility:
This contest is open to all female from the age of 18 and above. Employees, agents or representatives of BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA or their respective affiliates, sponsors, advertising and promotional agencies, or members of their immediate family or any person with whom they are domiciled may participate but are not entitled to win the prizes.
Winners:
The announcement of winner shall take place on @Putreeo & @Faafirds Instagram page on the 2 December 2016.
Winner will need to respond by picking up at Benefit Cosmetics Mid valley, and writing in to the BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA’s Facebook inbox with the following details:
Fullname (according to IC)
Date of birth
Email Address
Contact Number
PRIZES
1- 1Bigger & Bolder Brows Kit ( shade #3)
2- 4 Soft & Natural Brows Kit ( shade #3)
3- 5 Defined & Refined Brows Kit ( shade #3)
BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA’s & its collaborators’ decision on the winner is final and conclusive and no correspondence will be entertained. BENEFIT COSMETICS MALAYSIA & the collaborators reserves the right to disqualify winners if it has reasonable grounds to suspect that fraudulent if it considers an invalid Instagram account or does not meet the contest terms & conditions.
To participate:
Step 1 : Watch both the videos & subscribe to @faafirds , @putreeo YT channel, Follow @BenefitMalaysia Instagram page .
Step 2 : Comment which set participant would like to win on YT channel comments, & @BenefitMalaysia Influencer’s finished look post.
Link for Putreeo's video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8kPSjfpGZo&feature=youtu.be
Link for Benefit Malaysia's instagram - https://www.instagram.com/benefitmala...
Contest ends : 26 November 2016, Saturday 11.59pm
♡ SUBSCRIBE TO MY CHANNEL, IT'S FREE ♡
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DISCLAIMER
This video is not sponsored. All opinions are my own. There may be affiliate links used above. Most of the items I have purchased myself but some may have been gifted to me by companies.
conclusive 在 memehongkong Youtube 的最佳貼文
網友Kameyou提出突厥人和回紇人是純黃種人,這些說法我也看過很多。讀中國歷史近幾十年都有很大疑惑,其中一個是究竟匈奴人、突厥人和鮮卑是怎樣的,因為根據中國歷史是非常不清楚的,但這三個民族的長相的證據並不conclusive。
如果突厥人和回紇人是純黃種人,這是一件非常奇怪的事,他們的後代都是似Eurasian,歐亞人來的。回紇是現在維吾爾族的祖先。突厥族就有一億八千萬人,差不多沒有人似蒙古族的樣。Kameyou話他們去到中亞之後混了白種人的血統,但突厥幾百年之後已經在亞拉伯國家出現,那時已經和當地的閃族人沒有太大的分別。相反,蒙古人去到中亞已經一千年,但他們還是distinctly黃種人,在中亞任何地方看到蒙古族的人是會立即認得,這不會整個種族變了樣,這是非常奇特。何時他們混了Eurasian的種入去呢?我舉一個簡單例子,阿爾泰山語系三大語言,通古斯語主要去了西伯利亞北部,一個是蒙古語,一個是突厥語,其中蒙古語和突厥語是兩種截然不同的語系。如果蒙古人和突厥人的種這麼近,這又是一個非常奇怪的事。我會想到突厥人樣貌和蒙古人不同,因為他東來遲很多。突厥大舉出現是隋唐之間,比匈奴是遲了很多,現在我們知道的是,我從來懷疑匈奴是似蒙古人多些還是突厥人多些。現在從皇宮和墳墓挖到的骨,用DNA檢驗,發現匈奴是似蒙古人多過似突厥人。這是截然的答案。匈奴是比較似蒙古人。
第二點,鮮卑人到底是怎樣?有些人話他們是黃種人,有人話他們是白虜,樣是很不同。兩種說法也見過。不過鮮卑人已經同化了,更難考證了。
謎米香港 memehk.com
conclusive 在 The impact of Facebook and Instagram on teens isn't so clear 的美食出口停車場
Facebook's own data is not as conclusive as you think about teens and mental health ... On Tuesday, Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen ... ... <看更多>