【podcast 選物】no. 15
▎推薦節目:
Unlocking Us (with David Eagleman on the Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain)
▎主持人:
Brené Brown
▎訪問來賓:
David Eagleman
任教於史丹佛大學的神經科學專家
創立了科技公司Neosensory
腦神經科普暢銷作家
這次的podcast選物推薦,我分成四篇來談
◉第一篇 ╏ 更適當的比喻
David Eagleman在新書 Livewired: The Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain 裡把大腦比喻作一種 liveware ,他認為許多人把大腦想像成一種 software 是不夠貼切的,而不適當的譬喻,不僅無法增進理解,甚至會創造誤解。
software這個譬喻造成的誤解是什麼呢?
首先,先來了解什麼是software
英文詞尾 -ware,在造字意義上用來標記一個總稱,囊括某一特定用途的多種物件,例如 tableware(餐具)或是 glassware(玻璃器皿)
而software則是相對於hardware的程式總稱,軟體以無形的方式給予硬體零件指令與資料。
software不是一個適當的大腦比喻,原因有二:
1️⃣
software是為了達到 #特定功能 而生,但大腦並非「被」設計來完成某種任務。
大腦建立的迴路主要是 #反應環境刺激 ,在不同環境背景中誕生的大腦,會有不一樣的樣貌。
2️⃣
也因為software有特定功能,(目前)無法自我進化改變架構,但大腦不一樣,大腦無時無刻都在改變迴路。
1890年心理學家William James驚嘆於神經元的再造可塑性,用了plasticity這樣的字眼來描述大腦建立神經迴路的特性,plasticity於是就成了神經科學採用了一百多年的專門詞彙,但塑膠成品雖然可不斷重塑,每次射出成形後卻也就 #固化 不變,可大腦卻非如此,大腦從來沒有一刻是「成型」的。
如果我們能化身做顯微鏡頭,踏入大腦的聖殿,第一聲發出的驚嘆,必定是獻給壯觀的神經元活動。大腦裡有上百億個神經元,每個神經元都有成萬個連結,合計下來是幾百兆的連結在整合作用,這樣的總活動量,再高的解析度也無法一眼盡收
但是,大腦真正的神化之處其實並不在此,比數量更驚人的是,你每次轉頭,都會看見一個不一樣的結構。
古希臘哲學家Heraclitus說,你無法踏進同一條河流兩次,同樣的,你無法留下腦中的同一朵花永生不謝,就連此刻你讀著這段文字,如果你在其中找到一點認同或靈感啟發,你已經距離五分鐘前的自己有了一道距離,我們的腦並非塑成品 (plastic) ,成形後固化,對於大腦,更好的字眼是liveware,只要意識前進,大腦無時無刻都在綻放凋謝。
想多讀一些我寫的內容,按個讚讓我知道
#podcast節目連結在下方留言
#語言選物 #podcast選物 #神經科學 #大腦 #brenebrown #unlockingus #davideagleman
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過3萬的網紅POPA Channel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,以色列巴伊蘭大學一個研究指出男女的不同,才沒有想像中大呢! 研究員讓由母親作主要照顧者的異性戀家庭,觀看自己與孩子玩耍的片段,發現父母大腦中負責育兒的網絡都啟動了,而媽媽們的杏仁核以及其他情感處理網絡,反應活躍,足足是丈夫的5倍。一般相信懷孕和分娩等經歷「改造」了媽媽的大腦神經內分泌,令她們本能上...
brain plasticity 在 GIGAZINE Facebook 的最佳貼文
老人は視覚学習を若者とは違う脳の部位で行っている(2014)
https://gigazine.net/news/20141207-old-brain-plasticity/
brain plasticity 在 語言治療小釩老師 /教具繪本的使用方法/ Facebook 的最佳貼文
帶孩子去爬山吧!⛰
這些研究的結論都說有氧運動有助於孩子大腦質量發展!📈提高他們的注意力、執行能力、神經反應、學習力、判斷力!
小釩老師今天不工作、目前爬40分鐘了!feeling good ! 🌻
Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJ, and Singh AS. 2015. Effects of one versus two bouts of moderate intensity physical activity on selective attention during a school morning in Dutch primary schoolchildren: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport. pii: S1440-2440(15)00236-4.
Ardoy DN, Fernández-Rodríguez JM, Jiménez-Pavón D, Castillo R, Ruiz JR, and Ortega FB. 2014. A physical education trial improves adolescents' cognitive performance and academic achievement: the EDUFIT study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 24(1):e52-61
Chaddock-Heyman L, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, and Kramer AF. 2014. III. The importance of physical activity and aerobic fitness for cognitive control and memory in children. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 79(4):25-50.
Colcombe, S. & Kramer, A.F. 2003. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14, 125-130.
Cotman, C.W. & Berchtold, N.C. 2002. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences, 25 (6), 295-301.
Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, Boyle CA, Waller JL, Miller PH, Naglieri JA, Gregoski M. 2007. Effects of aerobic exercise on overweight children's cognitive functioning: a randomized controlled trial. Res Q Exerc Sport. 78(5):510-9.
Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, McDowell JE, Austin BP, Miller PH, Yanasak NE, Allison JD, Naglieri JA. 2011.Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychol. 30(1):91-8
Dietrich, A. & Sparling, P.B. 2004. Endurance exercise selectively impairs prefrontal-dependent cognition. Brain and Cognition, 55 (3), 516-524.
Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Moore RD, Saliba BJ, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH. 2014. Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: an ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity. Dev Cogn Neuroscience 7:53-64.
Fedewa AL and Ahn S. 2011. The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport. 82(3):521-35.
Guiney H and Machado L. 2012. Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. DOI 10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4.
Howie EK, Schatz J, and Pate RR. 2015. Acute Effects of Classroom Exercise Breaks on Executive Function and Math Performance: A Dose-Response Study. Res Q Exerc Sport. 86(3):217-24.
Kamijo K, Takeda Y, Takai Y, Haramura M. 2015. Greater aerobic fitness is associated with more efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information in preadolescent children. Biol Psychol. 110:68-74.
Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O’Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu C-T, Castelli DM, and Hillman CH. 2011. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci. 14(5): 1046–1058.
Keely TJH and Fox KR. 2009. The impact of physical activity and fitness on academic achievement and cognitive performance in children. Int Rev Sports Exercise Physiology 2(2): 198-214.
Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Moore RD, Wu CT, Kamijo K. 2014. Effects of the FITKids Randomized Controlled Trial on Executive Control and Brain Function. Pediatrics pii: peds.2013-3219. [Epub ahead of print]
Hillman CH, Buck SM, Themanson JR, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM. 2009a. Aerobic fitness and cognitive development: Event-related brain potential and task performance indices of executive control in preadolescent children. Dev Psychol. 45(1):114-29.
Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Castelli DM, Hall EE, Kramer AF. 2009b. The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience. 159(3):1044-54.
Hillman CH, Castelli DM, and Buck SM. 2005. Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 37(11): 1967-1974.
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brain plasticity 在 POPA Channel Youtube 的精選貼文
以色列巴伊蘭大學一個研究指出男女的不同,才沒有想像中大呢!
研究員讓由母親作主要照顧者的異性戀家庭,觀看自己與孩子玩耍的片段,發現父母大腦中負責育兒的網絡都啟動了,而媽媽們的杏仁核以及其他情感處理網絡,反應活躍,足足是丈夫的5倍。一般相信懷孕和分娩等經歷「改造」了媽媽的大腦神經內分泌,令她們本能上對孩子安危特別敏感,變得更細心。
令人意外的是,當同性戀家庭中兩位合力育兒的父親進行同樣研究,他們的大腦反應跟異性戀母親近乎一模一樣!
Dr. Feldman指出,人的大腦極具彈性,即使爸爸沒有經歷懷孕,都很可能可以通過親力親為照顧小朋友,獲得一樣的生理變化,能適應育兒工作。
研究也觀察到,當爸爸陪伴孩子愈長久,他們的杏仁核就愈活躍。
換言之,爸爸都有能力做得跟媽媽一樣好,關鍵在於他們需要親身的育兒體驗,去啟動大腦的育兒網絡!
資料來源
Abraham, E., Hendler, T., Shapira-Lichter, I., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2014). Fathers brain is sensitive to childcare experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(27), 9792-9797. oi:10.1073/pnas.1402569111
Gholipour, B. (2014, June 14). 5 Ways Fatherhood Changes a Man's Brain.
Grossman, S. (2014, June 1). Dads' brains are ready to bond with kids.
Leuner, B., Glasper, E. R., & Gould, E. (2010). Parenting and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences, 33(10), 465–473. doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.07.003
Norton, E. (2014, May 27). Parenting Rewires the Male Brain | Science | AAAS.
Thompson, D. (2014, May 26). Dad's Brain Becomes More 'Maternal' When He's Primary Caregiver: Study.
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