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Near-death experience瀕死經驗
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Ascent in the Empyrean ( Hieronymus Bosch )興起於九天(hieronymusbosch) A near-death experience ( NDE ) is an experience reported by a person who nearly died, or who experienced clinical death and then revived.一個瀕死體驗(NDE)是一種經驗,報由一位死裡逃生的人或有經驗臨床死亡,然後復活. Some people believe it can be explained by hallucinations produced by the brain as it dies, while others believe that such an explanation cannot account for all the
evidence.有些人相信它可以解釋為幻覺所產生的腦,因為它的宿命,儘管有人認為,這樣的解釋並不能說明一切證據. [1] The experience has become more common in recent times, especially since the development of cardiac resuscitation techniques.[1]經驗已日趨普遍,最近一個時期以來,特別是發展中的心臟復甦術技巧. Popular interest in near-death experiences was sparked by Raymond Moody Jr's 1975 book Life after Life and the founding of the International Association for Near-death Studies (IANDS) in
1978.熱門興趣瀕死經驗的導火線是鍾穆迪jr的圖書1975年後的生活生命並成立了國際協會瀕死研究中心(iands)1978. According to a Gallup poll approximately eight million Americans claim to have had a near-death experience.據一項蓋洛普民意測驗大約800萬美國人聲稱有瀕死經驗. [2] NDEs are among the phenomena studied in the field of parapsychology .[2]而來的各種現象,研究的領域parapsychology. There many claims to what a NDE really is but no one can be completely sure what really causes an
NDE.有許多自稱什麼nde是真的,但誰也不能完全確定,究竟是什麼造成了nde.

Contents目錄 [hide]
1 Near-death experience characteristics一瀕死經驗特色
2 Near-death research2瀕死研究
3 As an afterlife experience3作為來世經驗
4 Religious and physiological view of near-death experiences4宗教與生理期的瀕死經驗
5 Effects of near-death experiences5影響瀕死經驗
6 See also6參見
7 References7參考資料
7.1 Footnotes7.1腳註
8 Further reading8進一步閱讀
8.1 Personal experiences810個人經驗
8.2 Fiction8.2小說
9 External links9外部連結
9.1 Advocacy9.1宣傳
9.2 Neutral9.2中性
9.3 Skeptical9.3skeptical



[ edit ] Near-death experience characteristics[編輯]瀕死經驗特色
The phenomenology of an NDE usually includes physiological, psychological and transcendental aspects.現象一項nde通常包括生理和心理方面的超越. [3] Typically the experience follows a distinct progression: [4] [5] [6][3]典型經驗,沿襲了明顯進展:[4][5][6]

A sense of being dead.全都是死亡.
An out-of-body experience .一個輟學的身體經驗. A sensation of floating above one's body and seeing the surrounding area.轟動漂浮以上的身體,看著周圍地區的安全.
Pleasant feelings, calmness.愉快的心情,平靜. A sense of overwhelming love and peace.一種壓倒性的愛與和平.
A sensation of moving upwards through a tunnel or narrow passageway.感覺移用隧道或狹窄的通道.
Meeting deceased relatives or spiritual figures.會議死者親屬或精神的人物.
Encountering a being of light, or a light (possibly a religious or divine figure).遇到了正在輕,或輕(可能是一個宗教或神聖的數字).
Being given a life review .被處以終身審查.
Reaching a border or boundary.達成邊界或邊界.
A feeling of being returned to the body, often accompanied by a reluctance.一種感覺是回到了身體,而且往往伴隨著無奈.
Some people have also experienced extremely distressing NDEs.一些人也經歷了極為痛心而來. A 'core' near-death experience reflects — as intensity increases according to the Rasch scale — peace , joy and harmony , followed by insight and mystical or religious experiences.'核心'的瀕死經驗反映--作為47.35%據該rasch規模的和平,喜悅與和諧其次是有眼光和神秘或宗教經驗. [7] The most intense NDEs involve an awareness of things occurring in a different place or time, and some of these observations are said to have
been evidential .[7]最激烈而來牽涉意識的事情發生在不同的地點或時間,而有些意見是說已經證據.

Among the clinical circumstances that are thought to lead to an NDE we find such factors as: cardiac arrest , shock in postpartum loss of blood or in perioperative complications, septic or anaphylactic shock , electrocution, coma , intracerebral haemorrhage or cerebral infarction, attempted suicide, near- drowning or asphyxia , apnoea , and serious depression
.在臨床情況下,有可能導致一場nde我們認為這種因素:心跳驟停休克產後失血過多或手術並發症,化膿或過敏性休克,電擊,昏迷,腦出血或腦梗塞,企圖自殺,溺水窒息,窒息和嚴重抑鬱症. [8] It should be mentioned that there is no clear evidence for a correlation between the cause of a near-death situation (i.e. heart attack, accident, attempted suicide etc.) and the appearance to the person concerned.[8]應當指出,目前還沒有明確的證據,以便有關聯,造成了瀕死狀況(即心臟病發作,發生意外事故,自殺未遂等),以及外觀的人. Especially and
in contrast to common belief, attempted suicides do not lead more often to unpleasant NDEs than unintended near-death situations.尤其是與此相反,以共同的信仰,自殺未遂,不會導致更常見的不愉快而來無意中比瀕死的情況. [9][9]


[ edit ] Near-death research[編輯]瀕死研究
Interest in the NDE was originally spurred by the research of such pioneers as Elisabeth Kübler-Ross , George Ritchie, and Raymond Moody Jr. Moody's book Life after Life , which was released in 1975, brought a great deal of attention to the topic of NDEs.有興趣的nde原本促成的研究等作為先驅伊麗莎白kübler羅斯,喬治ritchie,鍾穆迪霍爾特穆迪書後的生活生命,他發表在1975年帶來了極大關注的話題而來. [10] This was soon followed by the establishment of the International Association for Near-death Studies ( IANDS )
founded in 1978 in order to meet the needs of early researchers and experiencers within this field of research.〔10〕這之後不久成立的國際協會瀕死研究中心(iands)成立於1978年,以滿足早期研究者和experiencers在這一領域的科研工作. Today the association includes researchers, health care professionals, NDE-experiencers and people close to experiencers, as well as other interested people.今天該協會包括研究者,醫護專業人員,nde-experiencers和人民接近experiencers,以及其他有興趣的人. One of its main goals is to
promote responsible and multi-disciplinary investigation of near-death and similar experiences.它的主要目標之一是促進負責任的和多學科調查近死亡和相似的經歷.

Later researchers, such as Bruce Greyson, Kenneth Ring and Michael Sabom, introduced the study of Near-death experiences to the academic setting.後來研究者,如布魯斯greyson,午戒指和邁克爾虹,介紹研究瀕死經驗的學術環境. The medical community has been somewhat reluctant to address the phenomenon of NDE's and grant money for research has been scarce.醫學界已有點勉強解決現象nde和贈款的研究一直稀少. [11] However, although the research was not always welcomed by the general academic community, both Greyson and
Ring made significant contributions in order to increase the respectability of Near-death research.〔11〕不過,儘管在研究並不總是受歡迎的一般學術社區雙方greyson圈做出了重要貢獻,為了提高可切除瀕死研究. [12] Major contributions to the field include the construction of a Weighted Core Experience Index.[12]重要貢獻的領域包括建造一座加權經驗的核心指數. [13] in order to measure the depth of the Near-death experience, and the construction of the Near-death experience scale [14] in order to differentiate between
subjects that are more or less likely to have experienced a classical NDE.[13]為了測量深度的瀕死經驗,並興建了瀕死經驗規模〔14〕為了區分科目,或多或少都可能經歷了古典nde. The NDE-scale also aims to differentiate between a true NDE and syndromes or stress responses that are not related to a NDE.nde的規模還旨在區分真正nde證或應激反應,這是不相關的,以ande. Greyson's NDE-scale was later found to fit the Rasch rating scale model.greyson的nde規模的調查後發現,以適合rasch等級模式. [15]〔15〕

Greyson (1997) has also brought attention to the near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention, while Morse et al.greyson(1997)也提請人們注意的瀕死經驗作為重點臨床注意,雖然莫爾斯etal. (1985; 1986) have investigated Near-death experiences in a pediatric population.(1985年;1986年)調查了瀕死經驗的兒科.

A significant amount of the research on near-death experiences is co-ordinated through the field of Near-death studies .大量的研究瀕死經驗是互相配合,通過實地的瀕死研究. Among the pioneers of Near-death studies is Dr. Raymond Moody , who has chronicled and studied many of these experiences in several books (Moody, 1975;1977;1999), and Dr. Kenneth Ring , co-founder and past President of the International Association for Near-death studies
(IANDS).其中的先驅者的瀕死研究的博士鍾喜怒無常,曾記載和研究了很多這方面的經驗,在幾本書(喜怒無常,1975年;1977年;1999年)和博士午戒指,共同創始人和前任主席,國際協會的瀕死研究中心(iands). Major contributions to the field include the construction of a Weighted Core Experience Index (Ring, 1980) in order to measure the depth of the Near-Death experience, and the construction of the Near-Death Experience Scale (Greyson, 1983) in order to differentiate between subjects that are more or less likely to have
experienced a genuine NDE.重要貢獻的領域包括建造一座加權核心經驗指數(環1980)為了測量深度的瀕死經驗,並興建了瀕死經驗規模(greyson,1983年),為了區分科目,或多或少都可能要經歷一個真正nde. These approaches include criteria for deciding what is to be considered a classical or authentic NDE.這些方法包括標準來決定什麼是可以被認為是一種古典或真實nde. Among the researchers associated with the field of Near-Death Studies are Bruce Greyson , Michael Sabom , Melvin Morse , PMH Atwater , Yvonne Kason and Peter
Fenwick.其中研究人員與相關領域的瀕死研究的布魯斯greyson邁克爾虹,梅爾文摩士,瑪嘉烈糖,yvonnekason彼得域. Most of these researchers tend to emphasize the interpretative and phenomenological dimension of the experience.大多數這些研究者往往強調解釋性和現象方面的經驗.

Other contributors to the research on Near-death experiences come from the disciplines of medicine, psychology and psychiatry.其他貢獻者研究瀕死經驗來自學科的醫學心理學和精神病學. Neuro-biological factors in the experience have been investigated by researchers within the field of medical science and psychiatry (Mayank and Mukesh, 2004 ; Jansen, 1995; Thomas, 2004).神經生物因素的經驗進行了調查,在研究領域的醫學科學和精神病學(mayank和mukesh,2004年;jansen,1995年;托馬斯,2004年). Among the researchers and
commentators who tend to emphasize a naturalistic and neurological base for the experience we find the British psychologist Susan Blackmore (1993), and founding publisher of Skeptic magazine , Michael Shermer (1998).其中研究者和評論家傾向於強調一個單純的神經系統和基地的經驗,我們發現英國心理學家蘇珊blackmore(1993年),並創辦出版者skeptic雜誌,邁克爾shermer(1998年).

Among the scientific and academic journals that have published, or are regularly publishing new research on the subject of NDE's we find: Journal of Near-Death Studies , Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , British Journal of Psychology, American Journal of Disease of Children, Resuscitation, The Lancet , Death Studies, and the Journal of Advanced
Nursing.在科學和學術期刊,已出版或定期出版的新研究課題nde的發現:雜誌的瀕死研究雜誌神經和精神疾病,英國心理學雜誌,美國雜誌疾病的兒童復甦術,柳葉刀,死的研究,以及學報高級護理.

According to Martens ( 1994 ), the only satisfying method to address the NDE-issue would be an international multicentric data collection within the framework for standardized reporting of cardiac arrest events.據馬騰(1994),唯一令人滿意的方法來解決nde問題將成為國際multicentric數據採集的框架內規範報導心跳驟停事件. The use of cardiac arrest-criteria as a basis for NDE-research has been a common approach among the European branch of the research
field.使用心跳驟停準則為基礎nde研究一直是常見的方式,在歐洲科的研究領域. [16]〔16〕

Dr. Rick Strassman , while conducting DMT research in the 1990s at the University of New Mexico , advanced the theory that a massive release of Dimethyltryptamine from the pineal gland prior to death or near death was the cause of the near death experience phenomenon.博士里克strassman在進行DMT技術的研究,在90年代,在新墨西哥大學先進的理論是一個大規模釋放dimethyltryptamine從松果體前死亡或瀕臨死亡的原因了瀕死體驗現象. Only two of his test subjects reported NDE-like aural or visual hallucinations, although
many reported feeling as though they had entered a realm similar to the bardo , or a transpersonal dimension that houses souls awaiting reincarnation.只有他的兩個考試科目報道nde樣聽覺或視覺幻覺,雖然有許多報道感覺彷彿他們已進入了一個境界相似的教法,或transpersonal層面,房子等待靈魂轉世. His explanation for this was the possible lack of panic involved in the clinical setting and possible dosage differences between those administered and those encountered in actual NDE
cases.他解釋說,這是可能缺乏恐慌參與臨床及劑量可能分歧這些管理和所遇到的實際nde案件. It is also important to take into account that all of the subjects in the study were very experienced users of DMT and/or other psychedelic/ entheogenic agents.此外,還必須考慮到所有的科目的學習是非常有經驗的用戶對苯二甲酸和/或其他迷幻/entheogenic代理商. Had subjects without prior knowledge on the effects of DMT been used during the experiment, it is possible that more volunteers would have reported feeling as though they
had died or had a NDE.有科目不事先知道的影響,DMT技術被用於在實驗過程中,它可能是更多的志願會報的感覺,雖然他們已經死亡或有nde.

Critics have argued that neurobiological models often fail to explain NDEs that result from close brushes with death where the brain does not actually suffer physical trauma, such as a near-miss automobile accident.批評者說,neurobiologicalmodels往往未能解釋而來,因接近刷死凡腦,其實是沒有受到身體創傷,如險些車禍. Such events may however have neurobiological effects caused by stress .這種事情可能有,但neurobiological效應所造成的壓力.


[ edit ] As an afterlife experience[編輯]作為來世經驗
Some see the NDE as an afterlife experience.一些人認為nde作為來世的經驗. They believe that the NDE cannot be completely explained by physiological or psychological causes, and that consciousness can function independently of brain activity.他們相信nde不能完全解釋的生理或心理原因,題意識可以獨立運作的大腦活動. [17] Many NDE-accounts seem to include elements which, according to several theorists, can only be explained by an out-of-body
consciousness.〔17〕許多nde帳戶似乎包含其中,據幾位理論家,只能被解釋為一個執行的主體意識. For example, in one account, a woman accurately described a surgical instrument she had not seen previously, as well as a conversation that occurred while she was under general anesthesia.舉例來說,在一個帳戶,一名女子準確地描述了手術器械以及她並沒有看到以前,以及一個會話發生的同時,她是在全身麻醉下. [18] In another account, from a proactive Dutch NDE study [2] , a nurse removed the dentures of an unconscious heart
attack victim, and was asked by him after his recovery to return them.[18]另一個帳戶,從積極的荷蘭人nde研究[2],一名護士拆除假牙昏迷心臟病受害者,有人問他康復之後將他們遣返. It might be difficult to explain in conventional terms how an unconscious patient could later have recognized the nurse.它可能是難以解釋的常規條款如何昏迷病人可後來都承認是護士. [19]〔19〕

Dr. Michael Sabom reports a case about a woman who underwent surgery for an aneurysm .邁克爾博士虹報告病例約一位接受手術治療的動脈瘤. The woman reported an out-of-body experience that she claimed continued through a brief period of the absence of any EEG activity.女子報了不著邊際的身體經驗,她聲稱繼續通過一個短時期的,沒有任何腦電圖活動. If true, this would seem to challenge the belief by many that consciousness is situated entirely within the brain.如果屬實,這似乎挑戰的信念,許多人的意識是完全坐落在腦.
[20]〔20〕

A majority of individuals who experience an NDE see it as a verification of the existence of an afterlife.多數人的經驗,一個nde把它作為核查的存在來世. [21] This includes those with agnostic/atheist inclinations before the experience.〔21〕這包括與不可知論的/無神論者的性向之前的經驗. Many former atheists , such as the Reverend Howard Storm [22] [23] have adopted a more spiritual view after their NDEs.許多以前的無神論者,如牧師霍華德暴風〔22〕〔23〕已經採取了更多更好的精神後,認為自己而來. Howard Storm's NDE
might also be characterized as a distressing near-death experience.霍華德風暴的nde也可能被描述為一個令人痛心的瀕死經驗. The distressing aspects of some NDE's are discussed more closely by Greyson & Bush (1992).令人不安的方面有些nde的討論更密切的greyson&布希(1992年).

As Greyson notes: "No one physiological or psychological model by itself explains all the common features of NDE. The paradoxical occurrence of heightened, lucid awareness and logical thought processes during a period of impaired cerebral perfusion raises particular perplexing questions for our current understanding of consciousness and its relation to brain function. A clear sensorium and complex perceptual processes during a period of apparent clinical death challenge the concept that consciousness is
localized exclusively in the brain."作為greyson註釋:"任何人的生理或心理的模式,本身就說明所有的共同特點nde.在發生矛盾加劇,明晰的意識和邏輯思維過程期間受損的腦灌注產生特別令人困擾的問題,我們目前的了解意識和其與腦功能障礙.一個明確的感覺器官和感性的複雜過程期間明顯的臨床死亡挑戰的觀念意識,是局限在大腦中." [24]〔24〕

Research on NDEs occurring in the blind have also hinted that consciousness survives bodily death.研究而來發生在盲人也暗示,在生存意識的身體死亡. Dr. Kenneth Ring notes in the book "Mindsight: Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind" that up to 80% of his sample studied reported some visual awareness during their NDE or out of body experience.林午響筆記書"mindsight:瀕死而輟學的身體經驗的盲點",多達80%的研究樣本報道一些視覺意識他們nde還是離體的經驗. [25]〔25〕

In infrequent instances there is ambiguity between medical and spiritual facts.在供不應求情況下有歧義之間的醫療和精神的事實. There exist reports about connections between deceased persons and persons who have had an NDE.有報道聯繫死者的人士及有nde. Ken Mullens (1992;1995), who was clinically dead for more than 20 minutes, reported spiritual encounters in his life after his NDE.kenmullens(1992年;1995),他為臨床死亡時間超過20分鐘,報道座談會的精神,在他的生活後,他nde. As he reported, deceased persons he
communicated with were often unknown to him, but were connected to people he met at a later point.正如他所報告,死者他溝通,往往無人知曉,他但涉嫌人會晤,他在後點. While such reports are discredited by skeptics, they remain a mystery.雖然這種報告是不可信的疑慮,他們仍是一個謎. Since they have no apparent medical or physical explanation they are said to belong to the interpretative and phenomenological dimension of the NDE, as investigated by the field of Near-death studies
.由於他們沒有明顯的醫療或物理解釋便可以說是屬於解釋性和現象層面該nde,作為查處的領域瀕死研究.

NDE's can also lead to long-lasting spiritual effects (as evidenced by the many studies which confirm the experience as having taken place during clinical death).nde的也可能導致長期的精神效果(從許多研究證實了經驗視為發生在臨床死亡). The mathematician John Wren-Lewis (1985), after his NDE, felt himself in a more or less permanent state of equanimity, feeling contact with the void and with no separate existence from the
whole.有關數學家約翰鷯劉易斯(1985年),在他nde,感受到自己在或多或少永久的豁達,感覺接觸作廢,並沒有單獨存在,從整個.


[ edit ] Religious and physiological view of near-death experiences[編輯]宗教與生理期的瀕死經驗
Main article: Religious and physiological views of near-death experiences主文章:宗教與生理觀點瀕死經驗
There are many religious and physiological views about what NDEs are.還有許多宗教上和生理上的看法是什麼而來的.


[ edit ] Effects of near-death experiences[編輯]影響瀕死經驗
Main article: Effects of near-death experiences主文章:對瀕死經驗
Near-death experiences can have tremendous effects on the people who have them, their families, and medical workers.瀕死經驗有巨大影響的人,他們的家屬和醫務工作者.


[ edit ] See also[編輯]參見
Near-Death Studies瀕死研究
Alister Hardy麥金hardy
Beyond and Back以後及背部
Form constant中恆
Sheolsheol
Lobsang Rampa洛桑拉蘭
Lazarus phenomenonlazarus現象
Suspended animation假死
Premature burial過早埋葬

[ edit ] References[編輯]

[ edit ] Footnotes[編輯]footnotes
^ van Lommel, 2004^vanlommel,2004
^ Mauro, James (1992) Bright lights, big mystery.^長毛,詹姆斯(1992)明亮的燈光,大謎. Psychology Today, July 1992心理學的今天,1992年7月
^ Parnia, Waller, Yeates & Fenwick, 2001^parnia,沃勒,yeates&域,2001
^ Mauro, James (1992) Bright lights, big mystery.^長毛,詹姆斯(1992)明亮的燈光,大謎. Psychology Today, July 1992心理學的今天,1992年7月
^ Morse, Conner & Tyler, 1985; Morse & Perry, 1992^摩士,conner與泰勒,1985年;莫爾斯與佩里,1992
^ van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. (2001) Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands.^vanlommelp,莫利藥材r,meyersv,elfferich導(2001)瀕死經驗的倖存者心跳驟停:一項前瞻性研究,將在荷蘭舉行. Lancet, December 15;358(9298):2039-45.lancet12月15日;358(9298):2039-45.
^ Lange, Greyson & Houran, 2004^蘭格,greyson&houran,2004
^ van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. (2001) Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands.^vanlommelp,莫利藥材r,meyersv,elfferich導(2001)瀕死經驗的倖存者心跳驟停:一項前瞻性研究,將在荷蘭舉行. Lancet, December 15;358(9298):2039-45.lancet12月15日;358(9298):2039-45.
^ Ring, Kenneth: Heading toward Omega.^響,午:走向歐米茄. In search of the Meaning of Near-Death Experience, 1984搜尋的意義瀕死經驗,1984
^ Mauro, James.^長毛,詹姆斯. Bright lights, big mystery .明亮的燈光,大謎. Psychology Today, July 1992心理學的今天,1992年7月
^ Mauro, James.^長毛,詹姆斯. Bright lights, big mystery .明亮的燈光,大謎. Psychology Today, July 1992心理學的今天,1992年7月
^ IANDS, printable brochure^iands,printablebrochure
^ Ring K. Life at death.^環k.生活在死亡. A scientific investigation of the near- death experience.科學調查的瀕死經驗. 1980 New York: Coward McCann and Geoghenan1980年紐約:孬種McCann和geoghenan
^ Greyson, 1983^greyson,1983
^ Lange, Greyson & Houran, 2004^蘭格,greyson&houran,2004
^ Parnia, Waller, Yeates & Fenwick, 2001; van Lommel, van Wees, Meyers & Elfferich, 2001^parnia,沃勒,yeates&域,2001年;lommel麵包車,麵包車藥材,meyers&elfferich,2001
^ Rivas, 2003^瓦斯,2003
^ Sabom, Michael.^虹,邁克爾. Light & Death: One Doctor's Fascinating Account of Near-Death Experiences .光和死亡:一個醫生的魅力到瀕死經驗. 1998.1998. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House急流,密執安:zondervan出版社
^ van Lommel P, van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. (2001) Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A prospective Study in the Netherlands.^vanlommelp,莫利藥材r,meyersv,elfferich導(2001)瀕死經驗的倖存者心跳驟停:一項前瞻性研究,將在荷蘭舉行. Lancet, December 15;358(9298):2039-45.lancet12月15日;358(9298):2039-45.
^ Sabom, Michael.^虹,邁克爾. Light & Death: One Doctor's Fascinating Account of Near-Death Experiences .光和死亡:一個醫生的魅力到瀕死經驗. 1998.1998. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House急流,密執安:zondervan出版社
^ Kelly, 2001^凱利,2001
^ Rodrigues, 2004^羅德里格,2004
^ [1]
^ Greyson, 2001^greyson,2001
^ Ring, Cooper, 1999^戒指,庫柏1999
^ Commentary^評論

[ edit ] Further reading[編輯]進一步閱讀
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition .美國精神病學協會(1994)診斷和統計手冊>的精神病,第四版. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association (Code V62.89, Religious or Spiritual Problem).華盛頓特區:美國精神病學協會(代碼v62.89,宗教或精神問題).
Blackmore, Susan (1993) Dying to live: Science and Near-Death Experiences .blackmore,蘇珊(1993)垂死的生活:科學與瀕死經驗. London: Harper Collins.倫敦:harpercollins.
Blanke, Olaf; Ortigue, Stéphanie; Landis, Theodor; Seeck, Margitta (2002) Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions.blanke,奧洛夫;ortigue,stéphanie;landis,西奧多;seeck,margitta(2002)刺激虛幻的車身觀感. The part of the brain that can induce out-of-body experiences has been located .部分腦組織,可以吸引呢-身體經驗已被找到. Nature, Vol.自然卷. 419, 19 September 2002419,2002年9月19日
Britton WB & Bootzin RR.brittonwb&bootzinrr. (2004) Near-death experiences and the temporal lobe.(2004)瀕死經驗和顳葉. Psychol Sci.心理學期刊. Apr;15(4):254-8.日;15(4)254-2628. PubMed abstract PMID 15043643pubmed摘pmid15043643
Carey, Stephen S. (2004) A Beginner's Guide to Scientific Method .迪亞茲,斯蒂芬國會(2004年)入門指南的科學方法. Third Edition.第三版. Toronto: Thomson Wadsworth多倫多:湯姆手冊
Cowan, J. D. (1982) Spontaneous symmetry breaking in large-scale nervous activity.cowan,林君(1982)對稱性自發破大規模的神經活動. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 22, 1059-1082.國際雜誌量子化學,22,1059-1082.
Greyson, B. (1983) The Near-Death Experience Scale: Construction, reliability, and validity.greyson,乙(1983)瀕死經驗規模:建築,可靠性和有效性. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 369-375.雜誌神經精神疾病,171,369-375.
Greyson, Bruce (1983) The near-death experience scale.greyson2308(1983)瀕死經驗的規模. Construction, reliability, and validity .施工,可靠性和有效性. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Jun;171(6):369-75.雜誌神經精神疾病,峻;171(6):369-75.
Greyson B. (1997) The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention .greyson乙(1997)瀕死經驗作為重點臨床注意. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.雜誌神經精神疾病. May;185(5):327-34.五月;185(5):327-34. PubMed abstract PMID 9171810pubmed摘pmid9171810
Greyson, B. (2000) Some neuropsychological correlates of the physio-kundalini syndrome.greyson,乙(2000)一些neuropsychologicalcorrelates的生理瑜珈綜合症. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 32, 123-134.日刊transpersonalpsychology,32,123-134.
Greyson, Bruce (2003) Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population .greyson2308(2003)瀕死經驗的精神科門診的人口. Psychiatric Services, December, Vol.精神科服務,12卷. 54 No. 12.54年第12. The American Psychiatric Association美國精神病學協會
Greyson, Bruce & Bush, Nancy E. (1992) Distressing near-death experiences .greyson2308&布希南希e.(1992)distressing瀕死經驗. Psychiatry, Feb;55(1):95-110.精神科電;55(1)95-96-110.
IANDS.iands. IANDS: The International Association for Near-Death Studies .iands:國際協會的瀕死研究. Printable Brochure.printablebrochure. Available at www.iands.org發售www.iands.org
Jansen, Karl L. R. (1995) Using ketamine to induce the near-death experience: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential .jansen,卡爾鈴(1995)用氯胺酮誘導瀕死經驗:機理和治療潛力. Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness (Jahrbuch furr Ethnomedizin und Bewubtseinsforschung) Issue 4 pp55-81.年鑑ethnomedicine和學習意識(jahrbuchfurrethnomedizinundbewubtseinsforschung)問題4pp55-81.
Jansen, Karl L. R. (1997) The Ketamine Model of the Near Death Experience: A central role for the NMDA Receptor .jansen,卡爾鈴(1997)氯胺酮典型的瀕死體驗:發揮核心作用,NMDA受體. Journal of Near-Death Studies Vol.日刊瀕死研究卷. 16, No.116,no.1
Kelly EW.凱利ew. (2001) Near-death experiences with reports of meeting deceased people.(2001)瀕死經驗報道滿足死者的人. Death Stud.死亡的寶藏. Apr-May;25(3):229-494至5月;25(3):229-49
Lange R, Greyson B, Houran J. (2004) A Rasch scaling validation of a 'core' near-death experience .langer,greyson二,houran理(2004)rasch結垢驗證了'核心'瀕死經驗. British Journal of Psychology, Volume: 95 Part: 2 Page: 161-177英國心理學雜誌,體積:95部分:第2頁:161-177
Lukoff, David, Lu, Francis G. & Turner, Robert P. (1998) From Spiritual Emergency to Spiritual Problem - The Transpersonal Roots of the New DSM-IV Category .lukoff,大衛,盧,弗朗西斯g.&特納,羅伯特頁(1998)從精神緊急精神上的問題-transpersonal根新DSM-IV為一類. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 38(2), 21-50學報人文心理學,38(2),21-50
Martens PR.馬滕斯公關. (1994) Near-death-experiences in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors.(1994)瀕死體驗在離院心跳驟停倖存者. Meaningful phenomena or just fantasy of death?有意義的現象,或只是幻想死? Resuscitation.甦醒. Mar;27(2):171-5.電;27(2):171-5. PubMed abstract PMID 8029538pubmed摘pmid8029538
Morse M, Castillo P, Venecia D, Milstein J, Tyler DC.莫爾斯m,卡斯蒂略p,veneciad,士丹j,泰勒直流. (1986) Childhood near-death experiences .(1986)童年的瀕死經驗. American Journal of Diseases of Children, Nov;140(11):1110-4.美國雜誌疾病的兒童,11;140(11):1110-4.
Morse M., Conner D. and Tyler D. (1985) Near-Death Experiences in a pediatric population.莫爾斯87-88connerD和泰勒四(1985)瀕死經驗的兒科. A preliminary report , American Journal of Disease of Children, n.一份初步報告,美國雜誌疾病的兒童,n. 139 PubMed abstract PMID 4003364139pubmed摘pmid4003364
Morse, Melvin (1990) Closer to the Light: Learning From the Near-Death Experiences of Children .莫爾斯,4157-1(1990)更密切的結合:從瀕死經驗的兒童. New York: Villard books紐約:villard書籍
Morse, Melvin & Perry, Paul (1992) Transformed by the Light .莫爾斯,梅爾文與裴利,保羅(1992)transformedbythelight. New York: Villard books紐約:villard書籍
Moody, R. (1975) Life After Life: The Investigation of a Phenomenon - Survival of Bodily Death .穆迪月,R(1975)後的生活生活:調查一個現象,生存身體死亡. New York: Bantam紐約:bantam
Moody, R. (1977) Reflections on Life After Life: More Important Discoveries In The Ongoing Investigation Of Survival Of Life After Bodily Death .穆迪月,R(1977)反思後的生活生活:更重要的發現,在當前的調查中生存的生命身體後死亡. New York: Bantam紐約:bantam
Moody, R. (1999) The Last Laugh: A New Philosophy of Near-Death Experiences, Apparitions, and the Paranormal .穆迪月,R(1999年)的最後一笑:一個新的哲學的瀕死經驗,apparitions,和paranormal. Hampton Roads Publishing Company漢普頓道路出版公司
Mullens, K. (1992) Returned From The Other Side .mullens特倫(1992年)歸國對方. Publ.publ. Kenneth G. Mullens午g.mullens
Mullens, K. (1995) Visions From The Other Side .mullens特倫(1995年)的設想,從對岸. Publ.publ. Kenneth G. Mullens午g.mullens
Orne RM.ornerm. (1995) The meaning of survival: the early aftermath of a near-death experience .(1995年)的含義生存:早日結束後的一段瀕死經驗. Research in Nursing & Health.研究在護理及健康. 1995 Jun;18(3):239-47.1995軍;18(3):239-47. PubMed abstract PMID 7754094pubmed摘pmid7754094
Parnia S, Waller DG, Yeates R, Fenwick P (2001) A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology of near death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors .parnias,沃勒dg,yeatesr,域p(2001)定性和定量研究中的發病率,特點和病原學瀕死經驗心跳驟停倖存者. Resuscitation.甦醒. Feb;48(2):149-56.二月;48(2):149-56. PubMed abstract PMID 11426476pubmed摘pmid11426476
Peake, Anthony (2006) "Is There Life After Death?"peake,安東尼(2006年)"有之死地而後生"? (Chartwell Books in USA & Arcturus in UK)(chartwell書籍在美國與arcturus英國)
Pinchbeck, Daniel (2002) Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism .pinchbeck,丹尼爾(2002)破開了頭:一個迷幻旅程的心臟當代薩滿教. Broadway Books, trade paperback, 322 pages百老匯書籍,貿易平裝本,322頁
Pravda (2004) Reanimators try to grasp the afterlife mystery .真理報(2004)reanimators試圖把握來世謎. Pravda article 21.12.2004.真理報文章21.12.2004. (Article translated by: Maria Gousseva)(文章翻譯:瑪麗亞gousseva)
Raaby et al.raabyetal. (2005) Beyond the Deathbed .(2005)超越死亡.
Rivas T. (2003).瓦斯湯匙(2003年). The Survivalist Interpretation of Recent Studies into the Near-Death Experience .該survivalist解讀近期研究瀕死經驗. Journal of Religion and Psychical Research, 26, 1, 27-31.日刊宗教和心理學的研究,26,1,59-75.
Rodrigues, Linda Andrade (2004) Ex-atheist describes near-death experience .羅德里格斯linda安德雷德(2004年)前的無神論者敘述瀕死經驗. Standard Times, Page C4, January 31 , 2004標準時間,c4頁,2004年1月31日
Sabom, Michael (1998) Light & Death: One Doctor's Fascinating Account of Near-Death Experiences .虹,邁克爾(1998年)光與死亡:一個醫生的魅力到瀕死經驗. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House急流,密執安:zondervan出版社
Simpson SM.辛普森sm. (2001) Near death experience: a concept analysis as applied to nursing.(2001)瀕死體驗:概念分析,適用於護理. Journal of Advanced Nursing.學報高級護理. Nov;36(4):520-6.十一月;36(4):520-6. PubMed abstract PMID 11703546pubmed摘pmid11703546
Rick Strassman, DMT: The Spirit Molecule : A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences , 320 pages, Park Street Press, 2001, ISBN 0-89281-927-8里克strassman,dmt:精神分子:一個醫生的革命研究生物學瀕死和神秘經驗,320頁,園區街出版社,2001年,國際標準書號0-89281-927-8
Thomas, Shawn (2004) Agmatine and Near-Death Experiences .托馬斯shawn(2004)胍瀕死經驗. Article published at www.neurotransmitter.net文章刊登在www.neurotransmitter.net

[ edit ] Personal experiences[編輯]個人經歷
Return from Tomorrow by George G. Ritchie , M.D. with Elizabeth Sherrill (1978).回到明天從喬治g.ritchie,m.d.與伊麗莎白sherrill(1978年). George G. Ritchie, M.D. has held positions as president of the Richmond Academy of General Practice; chairman of the Department of Psychiatry of Towers Hospital; and founder and president of the Universal Youth Corps, Inc. He lives in Virgina.喬治g.ritchie,m.d.人擔任總統里士滿學院一般作法;系主任精神病醫院水塔;與創始人和主席的普遍青年團,股份有限公司,住在維吉尼亞州. At
the age of twenty, George Ritchie died in an army hospital.在20歲以下,喬治ritchie死於一所軍醫院. Nine minutes later he returned to life.9分鐘後,他又回到生活. What happened to him during those minutes was so compelling, it changed his life forever.當初他在那些分鐘以令人信服的,它改變了他的人生永遠. In "Return from Tomorrow," he tells of his out-of-the-body encounter with other beings, his travel through different dimensions of time and space, and ultimately, his transforming meeting with the Light of the
world, the Son of God, Jesus Christ.在"歸還從明天,"他告訴他的出最新型的身體遇到其他人,他的旅行,通過不同層面的時間和空間,並最終他將會見輕的世界,神的兒子,耶穌基督.
Ritchie's amazing experience not only altered his view of eternity---it has since directed and governed his entire life.ritchie奇妙的經驗,不僅改變了他的看法:永恆---自導自治畢生精力. One of the most startling and hopeful descriptions of the realm beyond.其中最觸目驚心的和充滿希望的描述的境界以後.

It was Dr. George G. R

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