Question 1

the concept of social movement黃浩銘 Raphael Wong 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

毋忘五大訴求　公民抗命有理—10‧20九龍遊行陳情書（案件編號：DCCC 535/2020）——————————————————「毋忘初衷，活在愛和真實之中」撐阿銘，即訂閱Patreon：patreon.com/raphaelwong—————————————————胡法官雅文閣下：　　2012年，我第一次站在法庭上承認違反「公安惡法」，述說對普選的盼望，批評公安惡法不義，並因公民抗命的緣故，甘心樂意接受刑罰。當年我說，如果小圈子選舉沒有被廢除，惡法沒有消失，我依然會一如故我，公民抗命，並且我相信將會有更多學生和市民加入這個行列。想不到時至今日，普選仍然遙遙無期，我亦再次被帶到法庭接受審判，但只是短短７年，已經有數十萬計的群眾公民抗命，反對暴政。今日，我承認違反「未經批准的政府」所訂立「未經批准的惡法」之下的「未經批准集結」罪，我不打算尋求法庭的憐憫，但請容許我佔用法庭些微時間陳情，讓法庭在判刑前有全面考慮。暴力之濫觴　　在整個反修例運動如火如荼之際，我正承擔另一宗公民抗命案件的刑責。雖然身在獄中，但仍然心繫手足。我在獄中電視機前見證6月9日、6月16日及8月18日三次百萬港人大遊行，幾多熱愛和平的港人冒天雨冒彈雨走上街頭，抗議不義惡法，今日關於10月20日的案件，亦是如此。可能有人會問，政府已在6月暫緩修例，更在9月正式撤回修例，我等仍然繼續示威，豈非無理取鬧？我相信法官閣下肯定聽過「遲來的正義並非正義」（Justice delayed is justice denied）這句格言。當過百萬群眾走上街頭，和平表達不滿的時候，林鄭政府沒有理睬，反而獨行獨斷，粗暴踐踏港人的意願，結果製造出後來連綿不絕的爭拗，甚至你死我活的對抗。經歷眾多衝突痛苦之後，所謂暫緩撤回，已經微不足道，我們只是更加清楚：沒有民主，就連基本人權都不會擁有！　　在本案之中，雖然我們都沒有鼓動或作出暴力行為，但根據早前8‧18及10‧1兩宗案件，相信在控方及法庭眼中，案發當日的暴力事件仍然可以算在我們頭上，如此，我有必要問：如果香港有一個公平正義的普及選舉，人民可以在立法會直接否決他們不認可的法律，試問2019年的暴力衝突可以從何而來呢？如果我們眼見的暴力是如此十惡不赦，那麼我們又如何看待百萬人遊行後仍然堅持推行惡法的制度暴力呢？如果我們不能接受人民暴力反抗，那麼我們是否更加不能對更巨大更壓逼的制度暴力沈默不言？真正且經常發生的暴力，是漠視人民訴求的暴力，是踐踏人民意見的暴力，是剝奪人民表達權利的暴力。真正憎恨暴力，痛恨暴力的人，不可能一方面指摘暴力反抗，又容忍制度暴力。如果我需要承擔和平遊行引發出來的暴力事件的刑責，那麼誰應該承擔施政失敗所引發出來的社會騷亂的罪責呢？社會之病根　　對於法庭而言，可能2019年所發生的事情只是一場社會騷亂，務必追究違法者個人責任。然而，治亂治其本源，醫病醫其病根，我雖然公民抗命，刻意違法，控方把我帶上法庭，但我卻不應被理解為一個「犯罪個體」。2019年所發生的事情，並不是我一個人或我們這幾位被告可以促成，社會問題的癥結不是「犯罪份子」本身，而是「犯罪原因」。我明白「治亂世用重典」的道理，但如果「殺雞儆猴」是解決方法，就不會在2016年發生旺角騷亂及2017年上訴庭對示威者施以重刑後，2019年仍然會爆發出更大規模的暴力反抗。如果不希望社會動亂，就必須正本清源，逐步落實「五大訴求」，從根本上改革，挽回民心。2019年反修例運動，其實只是2014年雨傘運動的延續而已，縱使法庭可能認為兩個運動皆是「一股歪風」所引起，但我必須澄清，兩個運動的核心就是追求民主普選，人民當家作主。在2019年11月24日區議會選舉這個最類近全民普選的選舉中，接近300萬人投票，民主派大勝，奪得17個區議會主導權，這就是整個反修例運動的民意，民意就是反對政府決策，反對制度暴力，反對推行惡法，不容爭辯，不辯自明。我們作為礦場裡的金絲雀，多次提醒政府撤回修法，並從根本上改革制度，而在10月20日的九龍遊行當然是反映民意的平台契機。如今，法庭對我們施加重刑，其實只不過是懲罰民意，將金絲雀困在鳥籠之內，甚至扼殺於鼓掌之中，窒礙表達自由。堅持之重要　　大運動過後的大鎮壓，使我們失去《蘋果日報》，失去教協，失去民陣，不少民主派領袖以及曾為運動付出的手足戰友都囚於獄中，不少曾經熱情投入運動的朋友亦因《國安法》的威脅轉為低調，新聞自由示威自由日漸萎縮，公民社會受到沈重打擊，我亦失去不少摯友，有感傷孤獨的時候，但我仍然相信，2019年香港人的信念，以及所展現人類的光輝持久未變。我不會忘記百萬人民冒雨捱熱抗拒暴政，抵制惡法，展現我們眾志成城；我不會忘記人潮紅海，讓道救護車，展現我們文明精神；我不會忘記年青志士直接行動反對苛政，捨身成仁，展現我們膽色勇氣；我不會忘記銀髮一族走上街頭保護年青人，展現我們彼此關懷；我不會忘記「五大訴求」，不會忘記2019年區議會選舉，展現我們有理有節。　　法官閣下，我對於當日的所作所為，不感羞恥，毫無悔意。我能夠在出獄後與群眾同行一路，與戰友同繫一獄，實是莫大榮幸。若法治失去民主基石，將使法庭無奈地接受專制政權所訂立解釋的法律限制，隨時變成政治工具掃除異見，因此爭取民主普選，建設真正法治，追求公平正義，仍然是我的理想。在這條路上，如有必要，我仍然會公民抗命，正如終審法院海外非常任法官賀輔明（Lord Hoffmann）所言，發自良知的公民抗命有悠久及光榮的傳統，歷史將證明我們是正確的。我期望，曾與我一起遊行抗命的手足戰友要堅持信念，在艱難歲月裡毋忘初衷，活在愛和真實之中。　　最後，如9年前一樣，我想借用美國民權領袖馬丁路德金牧師的一番話對我們的反對者說：「我們將以自己忍受苦難的能力，來較量你們製造苦難的能力。我們將用我們靈魂的力量，來抵禦你們物質的暴力。對我們做你們想做的事吧，我們仍然愛你們。我們不能憑良心服從你們不公正的法律，因為拒惡與為善一樣是道德責任。將我們送入監獄吧，我們仍然愛你們。」（We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you.）　　願慈愛的主耶穌賜我們平安，與我和我一家同在，與法官閣下同在，與香港人同在。沒有暴徒，只有暴政；五大訴求，缺一不可！願榮耀歸上帝，榮光歸人民！第五被告黃浩銘二零二一年八月十九日Lest we forget the five demands: civil disobedience is morally justified- Statement on 10‧20 Kowloon Rally(Case No.: DCCC 535/2020)Your Honour Judge WoodcockIn 2012, I stood before the court and admitted to violating the Public Security Evil Law. I expressed my hope for universal suffrage, criticized the evil law as unjust, and willingly accepted the penalty for civil disobedience. Back then, I said that if the small-circle election had not been abolished and the draconian law had not disappeared, I would still be as determined as I was, and I believe that more students and citizens would join this movement. Today, universal suffrage is still a long way off, and I have been brought before the court again for trial. But in just seven years, hundreds of thousands of people have already risen up in civil disobedience against tyranny. Today, I plead guilty to unauthorised assembly under an unapproved evil law enacted by an unauthorised government. I do not intend to seek the courts mercy, but please allow me to take up a little time in court to present my case so that the court can consider all aspects before sentencing me.The roots of violenceAt the time when the whole anti-extradition law movement was in full-swing, I was taking responsibility for another civil disobedience case. Although I was in prison, my heart was still with the people. I witnessed the three million-person rallies on 9 June, 16 June and 18 August on television in prison, when many peace-loving people took to the streets despite the rain and bullets, to protest against unjust laws. Some people may ask, The Government has already suspended the legislative amendments in June and formally withdrew the bill in September, but we are still demonstrating, are we not being unreasonable? I am sure your Honour has heard of the adage Justice delayed is justice denied. When more than a million people took to the streets to express their discontent peacefully, the Lam administration ignored them and instead acted arbitrarily, brutally trampling on the wishes of the people of Hong Kong, resulting in endless arguments and even confrontations. After so many conflicts and painful experiences, the so-called moratorium is no longer meaningful. We only know better: without democracy, we cannot even have basic human rights!In this case, although we did not instigate or commit acts of violence, I believe that in the eyes of the prosecution and the court, the violence on the day of the incident can still be counted against us, based on the August 18 and October 1 case. And now I must ask - If Hong Kong had a fair and just universal election, and the public could directly veto laws they did not approve of at the Legislative Council, then how could the violent clashes of 2019 have come about? If the violence we see is so heinous, how do we feel about the institutional violence that insists on the imposition of draconian laws even after millions of people have taken to the streets? If we cannot accept violent rebellion, how can we remain silent in the face of even greater and more oppressive institutional violence? The true and frequent violence is the kind of violence that ignores peoples demands, that tramples on their opinions, that deprives them of their right to express themselves. People who truly hate violence and abhor it cannot accuse violent resistance on the one hand and tolerate institutional violence on the other. If I have to bear the criminal responsibility for the violence caused by the peaceful demonstration, then who should bear the criminal responsibility for the social unrest caused by failed administration?The roots of societys problemsFrom a courts point of view, it may be that what happened in 2019 was just a series of social unrest, and that those who broke the law must be held personally accountable. What happened in 2019 was not something that I alone or the defendants could have made possible, and the crux of the social problem was not the criminals but the causes of crime. I understand the concept of  applying severe punishment to a troubled world, but if decimation was really the solution, there would not have been more violent rebellions in 2019 after the Mongkok riot in 2016 and the heavy sentences handed down to protesters by the Court of Appeal in 2017.If we do not want social unrest, we must get to the root of the problem and implement the five demands step by step, so as to achieve fundamental reforms and win back the hearts of the people. 2019s anti-revision movement is indeed a continuation of 2014s Umbrella Movement, and even though the court may think that both movements are caused by a perverse wind, I must clarify that the core of both movements is the pursuit of democracy and universal suffrage, and the people being the masters of their own house. In the District Council election on 24 November 2019, which is the closest thing to universal suffrage, nearly 3 million people voted, and the democratic camp won a huge victory, winning majority in 17 District Councils. As canaries in the monetary coal mine, we have repeatedly reminded the government to withdraw the extradition bill and fundamentally reform the system, and the march in Kowloon on 20 October was certainly an opportunity to reflect public opinion. Now, by imposing heavy penalties on us, the court is only punishing public opinion, trapping the canaries in a birdcage, or even stifling them in the palm of their hands, suffocating the freedom of expression.The importance of persistenceAs a result of the crackdown after the mass movement, we lost Apple Daily, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union, and the Civil Human Rights Front. Many of our democratic leaders and comrades who had contributed to the movement were imprisoned, and many of our friends who had been passionately involved in the movement had been forced to lay low under the threat of the National Security Law. I still believe that the faith of Hong Kong people and the glory of humanity seen in 2019 will remain unchanged. I will never forget the millions of people who braved the rain and the heat to resist tyranny and evil laws, demonstrating our unity of purpose; I will never forget the crowds of people who gave way to ambulances, demonstrating our civility; I will never forget the young people who sacrificed their lives, demonstrating our courage and bravery; I will never forget the silver-haired who took to the streets to protect the youth, demonstrating our care for each other; I will never forget the five demands and the 2019 District Council election, demonstrating our rationality and decency.Your Honour, I have nothing to be ashamed of and no remorse for what I did on that day. It is my great honour to be in prison with my comrades and to be able to walk with the public after my release. If the rule of law were to lose its democratic foundation, the courts would have no choice but to accept the legal restrictions set by the autocratic regime and become a political tool to eliminate dissent at any time. As Lord Hoffmann, a non-permanent overseas judge of the Court of Final Appeal, said, civil disobedience from the conscience has a long and honourable tradition, and history will prove us right. I hope that my comrades in arms who walked with me in protests will keep their faith and live in love and truth in the midst of this difficult time.Finally, as I did nine years ago, I would like to say something to those who oppose us, borrowing the words of American civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King: We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you.Peace be with me and my family, with Your Honour, and with the people of Hong Kong. There are no thugs, only tyranny; five demands, not one less! To god be the glory and to people be the glory!The Fifth DefendantWong Ho Ming19 August 2021

Question 2

the concept of social movementEric's English Lounge 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

［時事英文］《紐約時報》回顧李登輝一生Like any historic figure, former Taiwanese President Lee Teng-hui is not immune to criticism. However, our freedom to criticize him is precisely his biggest contribution to democracy. Can you, no matter who you are or where you are from, criticize your leaders and call out social injustices without fear?就如所有的歷史人物，李前總統也無法倖免於被批評的命運。而今天人們得以公開批評他，恰好是他對民主的最大貢獻。今天，是否每個人都能在自己的國家，毫無畏懼地評論領導人，以及社會上的不公不義？這或許是更值得思考的地方。★★★★★★★★★★★★　《紐約時報》：　Lee Teng-hui, who as president of Taiwan led its transformation from an island in the grip of authoritarian rule to one of Asia’s most vibrant and prosperous democracies, died Thursday at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, according to Taiwan’s official Central News Agency. He was 97. The cause of his death was septic shock and multiple organ failure, according to the news outlet.　1. transformation 徹底改觀；轉變*2. be in the grip of sth 處於無法控制的不利局勢中；受制於⋯⋯3. authoritarian rule 威權統治；專制統治；獨裁統治4. a vibrant and prosperous democracy 一個蓬勃繁榮的民主政體5. Taipei Veterans General Hospital 臺北榮民總醫院6. Taiwan’s official Central News Agency 臺灣的中央通訊社7. septic shock 敗血性休克8. multiple organ failure 多重器官衰竭9. news outlet 新聞出處　據臺灣中央社消息，臺灣前總統李登輝週四於臺北榮總逝世，享壽９７歲。李登輝帶領臺灣從一個專制統治島嶼變為亞洲最繁榮的民主政體之一。中央社稱他的死因是敗血性休克和多重器官衰竭。*transformation (n.): undergo a transformation; transformation from something to/into somethinghttps://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/transformation https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/transform　★★★★★★★★★★★★　Mr. Lee’s insistence that Taiwan be treated as a sovereign state angered the Chinese government in Beijing, which considered Taiwan part of its own territory and pushed for its unification with the mainland under Communist rule. His stance also posed a political quandary for the United States in its efforts to improve relations with Beijing while dissuading it from taking military action.　10. a sovereign state 一個主權國家11. territory 領土12. push for unification 推動統一13. stance (n.)（尤指公開表明的）立場；觀點14. pose a political quandary 造成一個政治上的困境15. dissuading 勸阻；勸說⋯⋯別做某事* 　李登輝堅持臺灣是一個主權國家，這激怒了北京的中國政府，後者認為臺灣是其領土的一部分，並推動其與共產黨統治下的大陸統一。他的立場也讓美國陷入了政治上的困境，在努力改善與北京關係的同時，還要勸說北京不要採取軍事行動來實現對該島的主張。*dissuade (v.) somebody from (doing) something: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/dissuade　★★★★★★★★★★★★　Mr. Lee dismantled the dictatorship and worked to end the animosity between those born on the mainland and the native Taiwanese. He pushed the concept of “New Taiwanese,” a term suggesting that the islanders — no matter their backgrounds — were forging a new, common identity based on a democratic political system and growing prosperity.　16. dismantle（逐漸地）廢除；取消；解散17. dictatorship 獨裁統治國家；獨裁；獨裁統治18. animosity 仇恨；敵意；憎惡19. islander 島民；島上的居民20. forge（尤指努力地）建造; 鍛造　李登輝廢除了獨裁統治，並努力消除外省人和本省人之間的敵意。他提出了「新臺灣人」的概念，這個詞表明島民——不論其背景如何——正在建立一種以民主政治制度與日益繁榮為基礎的新的共同身份。　《紐約時報》完整內容：https://nyti.ms/2DqJGWj　　★★★★★★★★★★★★Do you still remember the Wild Lily student movement in 1990, when thousands of students demonstrated for democratic reforms? President Lee Teng-huei not only met with student leaders, but pledged his commitment to fully democratize Taiwan and hold direct elections.還記得１９９０年的野百合學運嗎？時任總統的李登輝先生，不僅接見了當時的學運領袖，更承諾將讓臺灣全面民主化——正副總統直接民選。１９９０年的野百合學運: https://youtu.be/skaC-sivTD8A true leader is someone who listens to the voice of the people and engage them in open dialogue. A true leader does not seek to suppress dissent through violence and fear.　真正的領袖，願意傾聽人民的聲音，哪怕立場迥異，也願意與自己的人民展開對話。而非以恐懼與暴力，消除異議人士的聲音。★★★★★★★★★★★★圖片出處：Google Image

Question 3

the concept of social movement半瓶醋 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

橫尾先生你傾向於在你的遊戲中有個悲傷的結局（除了《尼爾 自動人形》），這是為什麼呢？ 橫尾：我想啊，玩家在遊戲中的旅程中殺了那麼多的敵人，但自己卻迎來了一個Happy Ending，這很奇怪，所以我之前遊戲的主角都有著不幸的結局，我覺得對他們來說有個Happy Ending是不對的。 不過對《尼爾 自動人形》來說，對2B和9S來說，從被給予生命，他們殺了很多人，但也被自己殺了很多，很多次，有著無數次的輪迴。我認為這已經把他們殺死敵人的罪給贖了，幸福結局對他們兩個來說更合適一些。 【尼爾：自動人形】是好遊戲，2B很可愛～Talking To Yoko Taro, PlatinumGames Takahisa Taura, And Composer Keiichi Okabe About Life, Death, And Opportunity This interview with《Nier: Automata》director Yoko Taro and PlatinumGames designer Takahisa Taura was first conducted in March of this year. Square Enix then offered gameinformer another chance to talk with Taro again, this time with Keiichi Okabe to speak more about the games creation, music, and design philosophies and we are taking this opportunity to combine both until-now unpublished interviews together.  At the start of the first interview, Taro Yoko, whose pen name is appropriately Yoko Taro, was surprisingly quiet. He took a gulp from a bottle of Diet Pepsi and looked me straight in the eye to say something. I myself looked to the translator, who laughed at whatever Yoko said. She began Yoko-san wants you to write about how expensive the food and drinks are here, if you can. He says its way too much. [The following interview contains some spoilers for Nier: Automata, including the games final ending.] With Nier: Automata, you guys won a Game Developer Conference award. How do you feel about that? Yoko: We heard it was a users choice award where the players themselves select the winners, so Im just really happy that the players have selected our game for winning the award. How did PlatinumGames and Yoko-san first meet on Nier? Why did you decide on that project versus something like another Drakengard or a new IP as a whole? Taura: I loved the previous Nier title, I was actually went to Square Enix saying Please let us create a Nier sequel, because you havent done anything with it for a long time. At the same time, there was coincidentally Saito-san, the producer for Nier: Automata, talking with Yoko-san that they wanted to do something together. It just so happened that it was the right time, right place and we met for the first time when we started this project. When you started working on the Automata, did you know what it was going to be? Did you have an idea in your head of what a Nier sequel would look like after the first game? Yoko: Not at all, I had no ideas for a sequel in mind. When I first heard that we might do a collaboration with PlatinumGames, the image I had of them is that they only create Sci-Fi action games. When I thought of that, I thought of what part of the Nier storyline might fit in with that Sci-Fi action gaming sequence, I selected the themes for Automata because I felt it just fits in with the PlatinumGames style. PlatinumGames has a reputation for fast, often-challenging action games, but Nier: Automata is a lot easier. Was that intentional to keep it closer to the first Nier or perhaps a consequence of trying to make PlatinumGames action more mainstream? Taura: Thats actually exactly the reason why. Saito-san from Square Enix told us when the project started that, since the original Nier has a lot of female fans and a lot of non-action gamer fans, to make the game as fun and accessible as possible to people who arent accustomed to playing difficult action games. We always thought of making the game into something thats fun to play for newcomers to the action game field, but also to the more experienced players as well. One of the usual tropes of PlatinumGames is that, as the game goes on, it tends to escalate more and more to an explosive finale. Nier: Automata kind of messes with that formula a little bit by Ending A being a little bit more subdued and low-key and then goes up again and again until it finishes with endings D and E. Is that something you had to work with Yoko-san about, where the escalation and pacing would best fit the gameplay? Taura: In terms of like a climax or increasing the difficulty level toward the end, its not that different from our other titles, or at least we didnt feel like it was that different. The one major difference was that this was the first game that Ive at least worked that had the leveling up element in it. So as long as you level up your character, the boss would be easier to defeat, but if you dont, then some of the enemies toward the end of the game would be very difficult. For me, the balancing between the difficulty level of stages and bosses versus the levels the player might be was the difficult part in creating this game. One thing that we really had it easy with in this game is that Yoko-sans scenario and Okabe-sans music, once its mixed into the battle, makes a really menial and indifferent battle sequence suddenly becomes this dramatic and grandiose battle with everything at stake, so I felt like that really helped elevate our battle sequences as well. We did have an easy time thanks to that! With Automata, you started appearing at press conferences and as part of the marketing of the game, whereas previously you never did that. When you appear in public, you have been wearing a mask of Emil from the first Nier title. Why Emil specifically? Yoko: Hmm. One of the answers I can give is that, and I do have a little more that I want to elaborate on, is that for one Emil in the previous title is just a strong character on its own, so its more like an iconic image or character for Nier as a series. Another part of the answer is that Emil actually holds a great secret of the part of the Nier world and its not all revealed with the games Ive created so far. Im not sure if Ill have an opportunity to disclose that secret, but if I do, I might one day create a game that delves more into why its Emil and why I continue to wear Emils mask. I dont know if either of you can speak to this, but the trailers for Nier: Automata were a little misleading. They showed A2, who you play as late in the game, but with short hair, so she looked like 2B. Was that something you decided, to show those scenes but not make it clear who it was? Yoko: There were trailers like that? There was one specifically showing A2 fighting Hegel like that. Yoko: Ahh, yeah. Theres no reason! We werent trying to hide A2 or mislead anyone, it just happened to work out that way. Taura: We made so many trailers at some point we kind of didnt care what we showed. Oh, wow, thats going to shock a lot of fans in the Nier community. People really believed in the theory that you were hiding A2 in plain sight the marketing. Yoko: Haha, but it might not be the correct answer. Like Taura-san said, we made so many trailers that we cant remember them all, so Im definitely happy to take the credit without remembering why. Taura: Yeah, lets say we intentionally did that. For the fans. It might be true. Yoko: But I can say, in one of the trailers is A2 fighting one of the Engels, one of the big robots. She actually has long hair in the trailer, but in the actual game, its after she cut her, so she would have had shorter hair. That one was actually intentional, because we did not reveal before the game that A2 would cut her hair, so we actually made a scene specifically with long-haired A2 to take that trailer. So thats that shot was kind of a lie. In the Automata DLC, the CEO of Square Enix Yosuke Matsuda, as well as PlatinumGames boss Kenichi Sato, are boss fights. Where did that idea come from and how did you get them to approve it? How did they react when you asked them? Yoko: Haha, oh yeah. Taura: The development team went to Square Enix and said Please let us use him in our game! Their reaction was initially saying Uhm, are you sure you want to? We were thinking for a while of what we could do with the DLC, because we didnt have a lot of time to develop it, so we wanted to do something fun with it. When we were thinking about it, we saw that Final Fantasy XV used a character model of president Matsuda in one of their marketing assets. When Yoko-san saw that, he reached out and asked if maybe we could use that in the game at Platinum. We said that, if we get the character models, we could definitely use them for something in the game. We reached out to Square Enix and they gave us the model and we were able to use that character model for a boss fight. If it was just that you were able to fight the CEO of Square Enix, then it would have just been the same as what Final Fantasy XV did, so we had to think of ways to spice that up even more. So we had PlatinumGames CEO Sato-san appear in the fight as well. We also included background music that arranged their voices, we included their voices in the music, just to add a little bit more and beat out Final Fantasy XV. That BGM track is Matsuda-san and Sato-sans debut single. We didnt even get permission from them, so its an unofficial debut single, and those are much rarer. Speaking of crossovers, did you know that Nier fans have been trying get Katsuhiro Harada of Bandai Namco to put 2B in Tekken? Is that something you guys would want to do? [Note: This interview was conducted before 2B was announced as a Soulcalibur guest character.] Yoko: For us, if we were asked, we would gladly say yes to anything for money. Were open to any kind of opportunities for anything, ever. Even if its Candy Crush, if they want to use 2B, we will say yes, please go ahead and use her. Actually, speaking of doing anything for money, youve never created a direct story sequel before, theyve all been loosely tied together and many years apart. Saito-san has already said there will be another Nier game, if the characters are popular enough, would you create a direct sequel to Automata or would you change the characters and location again? Yoko: I havent thought about it once! Taura-san, where would you want to create a new game? Taura: Actually, when I brought my concept document to Square Enix about a Nier sequel, I wanted to write a story about that prologue portion in the first Nier game. You know the beginning of the game, where youre kind of in Tokyo, in an area thats more modern? I kind of want to delve into that storyline a little bit more. So if Im allowed to create a new Nier title, thats what I want to create. But thats just me speaking as a fan of the series, so I dont think that will actually happen officially. Yoko: When I actually heard about that idea from Taura-san when we first started this project, I felt that it would be very difficult to make a modern recreation of Tokyo because its the city that we constantly see every day. You just notice differences in the lies that we put in there, so I felt it would be very difficult to do to recreate a city that we know and see so much. But now that I know that PlatinumGames is such a good studio that they most likely will have that power and talent to be able to create that kind of video game world, I think that might be an option. Whether or not well do that is a different question, but it is a viable option. One of the things you said before the release of Drakengard 3 was that you wanted to call it Drakengard 4 and just let people figure out what the theoretical Drakengard 3 was supposed to be. Thats similar to what you did with Automata where the game takes place 10,000 years after Nier and people who played the first game were more confused than new players. Was that an intentional idea or something youve wanted to do for a while? Yoko: Its not that I brought over that idea to Nier: Automata, the greatest reasoning why I did this is because I wanted players who havent played the original title to enjoy Nier: Automata so you can enjoy the game without knowing anything about the previous game. Thats the biggest reason why we took a storyline thats so far in the future that it really didnt have anything to do with the previous title. A common through-line for Yoko-sans games is flowers: the lunar tear in the Nier series, the flower in Zeros eye in Drakengard 3, is that symbolizing anything in your games or is it just visual imagery you like? Yoko: Well, I do like flowers in general, but yes, there is a greater meaning to it that I have with these flowers. Its the same as Emil like I talked about earlier, I just havent revealed it anywhere. There is a meaning, which is why they keep on coming back in my games, but I havent revealed it anywhere yet. With the last Nier game, you had said that you built the game on the concept of people  being okay with murdering people who are different. With Nier: Automata, the games actually became more fun to play and control and touch, do you think theres a danger in giving people that sense of ease in killing enemies in the narrative? Yoko: In the previous title, I actually feel like I overdid that a bit. I did want to portray that enemies have a reason to live and a reason to fight on their own as well, but I feel like I forced that idea that I had in my mind a little bit too much on the players. So for Nier: Automata, I did not want to focus on it, I didnt want to impose my feelings and thoughts. I actually feel that its fine if some people feel its fun to kill in our games. If thats all that they feel from the game, then its fine, because its their freedom to feel what they want from the game. To answer your question, I think that its fine to have that happen. Taura: I actually have the same answer, too. I feel like if its fun to fight, thats great as a game designer. But if you feel bad to kill these cute little robots, thats fine with me as well. I feel like different people will have different reactions to the game and they will feel differently when they play the game, so Im actually happy to create a game that creates those kind of differences within the players as well. Yoko: Thats a really good question for us, because if players felt that it was way too fun to kill these enemies that it started making them feel guilty, thats something we didnt really aim to do. Just as we mentioned earlier, Im really happy that players were able to take it on their own and experience it on their own, then we didnt just provide something for people to take it as-is on face value. I feel like its great that the players are now taking the game and experiencing it on their own and trying to figure things out on their own. There was a time after 2B was revealed that people were asking you about her design on Twitter and you answered that you just like sexy ladies. That quote has become pretty famous and attached to you and a lot of people are reading into it. Is that a thing you still believe, would you ever take the quote back, or would you have ever changed 2Bs design? Yoko: [laughs] Dont straight men like cute girls? Isnt that common knowledge? I didnt realize that was a quote. A lot of people use you as an example as a developer that just says what is on their mind. Yoko: Before we released the game, on Twitter, because so many people were sending me 2B fan art, I said that Send me a zip file of all your erotic fan art! When I tweeted that out, my number of Twitter followers jump from 20,000 to 60,000 just with that one Tweet. I actually think its because I did something thats more of a taboo in the western world where I talked about sexuality or gender that openly on Twitter, but thats actually...so, I do know that what I said did not just creative positive buzz and theres some negative buzz around it as well, but I feel like it kind of has to do with the Japanese culture where were not too strict about gender and sexuality and being more open about talking about those things. I think its the same thing as reading manga as an adult, its a little bit different when you think about it because in Japan thats more common, its not considered something weird or something outlandish. With that kind of feedback that I get from fans, I just feel like its the difference in culture between Japan and the rest of the world. That is something you tend to tackle fairly often. Drakengard 3 was partly about sex and sexuality treated casually within the games universe, is that something you feel doesnt translate across all regions? Yoko: I actually dont think [translating across regions] has a lot to do with sexuality. I dont think it would have sold more copies of Drakengard 3 if I took away aspects of sexuality or added more in there. I feel that Nier: Automata sold well because we worked with PlatinumGames, so I dont think that has anything to do with a sexual nature. For the original Nier, there was a lot of information on the periphery of the game like books with background information and short stories that answer questions raised in the game. Automata even had a stage play predating the game. Do you think its harder for western fans to grasp the whole stories of these games when theres Japanese-exclusive media about it expanding the lore? Yoko: Of course we cant localize everything because we have limitations in budget, so its really difficult to do all of that, but I actually think there really isnt a need to know everything, either. The meaning I have behind Emils mask or the flowers you asked about, like I said its not revealed in the game at all or anywhere else yet, but no one really needs to know that to enjoy the game or enjoy the world or enjoy the game. More than gaining knowledge, I want players to cherish the experience they have when playing the game. Its more about that instead of the knowledge they could have for every question. Of course the theatrical stage play was more of like a YoRHa spinoff, but you dont need to know that to enjoy the game. Every piece, like the books and the stage play, is made in a way so that you can enjoy it by yourself, so you dont need that extra knowledge to enjoy it. It may add a little bit depth to the knowledge that you have, but you dont necessarily need to have it. I do understand the otaku mentality that you want to know everything, you want to have everything answered, you want to collect everything, but I dont see the value in knowing everything. For example, just in real life, you might not know everything about the politics that surrounds the world or even in your own country, and theres really no point in knowing everything that happens in the world. Maybe a lot things, but not everything, right? Whats more important is how you interact with people around you, immediately around you, and I think thats the same with video games. You dont really need to know everything that happens in the world to enjoy it. Of course I do respect the freedom that the players feel as well, so if you do get mad that we cant localize everything in America, or America never gets everything, thats also something to be respected and I do understand the frustrations surrounding that as well. When Nier: Automata released, it did so in a three-month timeframe that several other big Japanese games came out in the U.S., like The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Yakuza 0. A lot of people started heralding those games as a return of Japanese development in the west. What do you think about going from fairly niche games to what some people consider the tip of the spear of modern Japanese development? Yoko: First and foremost, just to speak about having so many good titles in that timeframe, my thought was Are you people trying to kill me with this?! In Japan, Horizon came out first, then it was Nier, then Zelda, and I think in the west, it was Horizon, Zelda, then Nier in North America. So were literally sandwiched between those two with a two-week window in between each and they were all very similar to us in the futuristic setting. Especially for Zelda, it was one of the titles we copied in the first place, so I really felt like they were trying to kill us at the time. Personally, not even thinking about Nier: Automata during that time frame, I was running around excited about all the fun-looking games coming as a gamer myself. Hideki Kamiya [PlatinumGames] has once said that Nier: Automata saved Platinum. Is that something you agree with and how has the relationship been between PlatinumGames and Square Enix? Yoko: Speaking from my perspective, of course Taura-san will likely know more about it internally at PlatinumGames...Kamiya-san, hes very laid back on Twitter, but when you actually really talk to him, hes a very serious person and very sincere. I guess Nier: Automata did generate sales for them, because I received a direct letter of gratitude from him saying Thank you very much for creating a great game. I dont even know if we saved them or not in that sense, but just receiving that kind of message from was just very heartwarming and I was just really happy that I was able to provide such a game for them. Taura: You could make the headline of your article Yoko Taro Saved PlatinumGames and thats definitely true. Yoko: Its a very true headline. Why do both of you think that Nier: Automata was more successful than Yoko-sans previous games or most other PlatinumGames titles? Taura: Mainly because PlatinumGames sensibilities were much better than Yoko Taros. Yoko: I actually think its the Square Enix brand, the name Square Enix gives a more reliable feeling to an otaku type of title. PlatinumGames strong name being known for making really good action games and I think the combination of the two really helped. This time with Nier: Automata, we sold about 2.5 million copies and the previous title we sold around 500,000. For the last game, we werent really in the red, but it wasnt exactly a success either. We have these passionate fans that really supported the time from announcement and the series as a whole. Of course for Automata, too, we had a very passionate fan base including the media and including yourself that gave impressions and articles that helped make the game into a success, so Im just really grateful for the fans and media alike that really supported the title and were passionate about it. [The remainder of this interview took place a few weeks later with Taro Yoko and Nier: Automata composer Keiichi Okabe. Okabe is also known for his work on both Nier titles, Drakengard 3, Tekken, and contributing some tracks to Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Before we started recording, Yoko said it will be okay if I asked Okabe most of the questions and I remarked that I wouldn’t want to make him jealous. He paused for a moment and then said it doesn’t matter because he would get paid either way.] You two have been working together for a long time, I was curious how much the music composition is tied in with the writing. One of the city themes in Nier: Automata uses similar composition to a track in Nier. Does that come from the writing or the musical identity of the series? Okabe: Since Yoko-san is I feel the type of person that doesnt want to do the same thing over and over again, even if he did receive praise for what he did previously, I kept that in mind while I was composing music for Nier: Automata. I also wanted to have some kind of connection that you would feel as a player between the previous title and this one, so I used similar tones from previous titles or from the previous game. It might not be exactly the same, but I used some similar types of music lines from the previous title so that you might feel that kind of connection. But we do have tracks that are arrangements of previous tracks from older titles, but that was mostly for fan service. I kind of wanted to drill down a little bit this time and get to the core of your philosophy of why and how you make games. If you had to pick a reason to hold up and say This is why I make video games, what would that be? Yoko: I feel that video games, amongst all the different entertainment mediums, have the most freedom in what you can do as a creator. For example, in a film, if you are able to control movement, then thats no longer a film in my eyes. In video games, you could have film-like cutscenes and videos, you could have them going on forever as much as you would like as a creator. That kind of freedom to do that is what I really wanted to do and I feel like video games are what provide me that option, even if I never do it. Is there any kind of message you use games for that you want to convey to your audience or anything you want them to hear from you? Or do you prefer to let them take whatever interpretation they get from your games? Yoko: Its the latter. I would want our players to freely interpret what Ive created just on their own, to grasp something for their own. I feel thats one of the interesting aspects of video games is that you are able to freely interpret whats being shown to you. I also feel like the players make the game whole by playing it. The action of playing the game I feel has meaning in itself and because of that I want the players to find something from the game, feel something from the game, for themselves. Nier: Automata won a number of awards, Okabe-san you won best music at The Game Awards, Automata won the audience award at GDC. Is there any pressure to appeal a more mainstream audience with your next game? Okabe: For a popular title that will be played by many, it doesnt really matter what kind of genre you put out musically. I will still be interested to compose music for those if possible. I would have to take a different approaches to those kind of mainline titles, whereas for Nier, I felt that the music can be more geared toward a core audience where only those who would understand the music would play it. But at the same time, once you understand, I want you to be deeply affected by it. Thats what I aim for with Nier. If I am to work on a way more mainstream title next time, I will have to change that mindset I have as a composer, but that would be something Id like to challenge myself more. To answer your question, yes, Id like to try that, but Id also do whatever kind of jobs Im assigned to. Yoko: For me, my games I actually think are really niche. How Nier: Automata was so successful was actually just a coincidence. To make a successful game is something that I cant really aim to do, so I think that Ill probably return to my small and dark corner, my niche corner, with my successive titles. Who would you both consider your inspirations for writing and composing? Okabe: For me, its obviously more of a composer than a writer, but I dont really focus on one person. I tend to just try to get music here and there and have a wide net. I am greatly affected by people who Ive listened to in my youth, like Japanese composer Ryuchi Sakamoto, Ennio Morricone who creates film music, and also pop music like Michael Jackson and Madonna. I am affected by those as well. Yoko: I have received inspiration from a lot of things, but I think personally expressions in film or any like visual production is something Im deeply affected by. For example, Neon Genesis Evangelion by Hideaki Anno, that was really a strong influence on me. Also, the drama series 24, the way that they incorporate speedy and complicated constructions of storylines was something that was very new at the time. Just throughout the timeline of visual production, I think theres a sudden burst of evolution, and I think that that moment in a title that does that just greatly affects me and becomes an inspiration for me. But I feel that can be said for the rest of the world. Lately, anything that Christopher Nolan creates I think is very intriguing where he tries to include deep knowledge and thoughtfulness into what he creates. Im very interested in this new wave of evolution. Last year, with the release of Animal Crossing on mobile, you talked on social media about how it was your favorite game of the year because you created a narrative where the characters were all unwillingly imprisoned in the camp. Do you often create your own narratives for games? Yoko: I do that for some games and I dont for others. Off and on, I guess. Its a lot easier to create my own storyline per se for a more primitive game. For example, in Zelda: Wind Waker, you start off with a grandma and your sister living on an island and its really happy and joyful and theres really no reason for Link to get out of there and fight Ganondorf because youre already living happily. You dont need to get out of that happiness. As a gamer, I felt the kind of sadness to have to leave that happy island life. In Dragon Quest [V], you have to choose who you want to wed, and I felt that I couldnt really get into liking either of the characters. I also couldnt find the point of having to decide who I want to marry, so I just at that instant I turned off the game and said My journey ends here! My mind narrated The three of them went on the journey and lived happily ever after, the end. That was my ending for Dragon Quest V. Around the release of Drakengard 3, you spoke about how its not possible in this industry to make a six-minute game and sell it for $60, no matter how good those six minutes are. Is this something you still think? Yoko: That analogy was given to explain that, no matter how much you try to make a game really good, theres a limit to what you can do. If you are to create a six-minute game, because you cant go through a lot of different stages, you would have to create one stage. Which means that you could really refine the quality of that one stage without having to put in a lot of money into it and a lot of manpower into it. Also, because its only six minutes, you cant really have too many characters in it, so you could focus on one or two characters at max. By doing that, you could refine the quality of those two characters. But because youre time-limited, no matter how much you refine the quality of the world around you or the characters, if youre limited to six minutes theres just so much you could do that the game wont become good at all. That was an example for me to say that theres a limit to what you can do in video games. Okabe-san, in the music for a lot of Yoko-sans game, you use constructed or uncommon languages, is there a specific reason for that? Okabe: [laughs] Yeah, for one, because it is Nier: Automata, Replicant, and Gestalt, they all take place in a unique world, even though theyre in the timeline of our current world, its so much in the future that it should feel kind of foreign. Thats one of the reasons why I went for language we cant understand, but another is that, in games in the past, game directors actually got mad at many occasions for including vocals into the soundtrack. They were saying that it would become too distracting from the gameplay and would distract the player. It was considered more of a taboo, so for Nier, I included vocals in there without a language you could understand more for the sound that you get from the words. It wasnt to convey any meaning of what was being said, but more for a sound impact. Yoko-san, you tend to have very sad endings in your games, with the exception of Nier: Automata which is as happy an ending as you can get with most characters dying. Why do you tend to write toward more sad endings and do you feel like Automatas happy ending fit the game better? Yoko: The reason why I created endings that end on a death is because, until now I was creating games where you would kill a lot of enemies, but Ive always felt that it doesnt feel right when the protagonist has a happy after theyve killed so many enemies during the course of their journey. Thats why in Replicant and Gestalt, or my previous titles, the protagonist pretty much ended up dying because I didnt feel like it was right for them to have a happy ending. But for Nier: Automata, 2B and 9S, from the time that they were given life, theyve been killing a lot of enemies, but theyve also been killed by them many, many times, and regenerated many times. Theyve actually been killing each other, which you find out at the very end, many, many times as well. So I felt that kind of cleansed them of their sins for killing so many enemies, which made me feel that a happy ending was more fitting for those two. Do you feel like that cycle of violence and death and the consequences of that are human nature? Yoko: I think the reasons why we kill in video games do kind of shine light on whats kind of broken within humanity or humans in general. We want peace in the world, but we also enjoy killing others in video games, like shooting guns in video games. I think thats karma in a sense for humans, the way that video games grasp the true essence of humanity, whether or not thats what they were aiming to do. Is there a series that you know, like Persona or Yakuza or anything like that, that either of you would want to work on? Yoko: A series or anything? It can be anything. Yoko: Personally, its not a Japanese title. Id actually love to see how western titles are developed, because I have no insight into how theyre made. There was a moment in time where I felt that it might be fun join a western development to see how things run. Of course theres the language barrier that would make it difficult for me to do that, but generally speaking I feel that western storytelling follows kind of a similar route for all the stories that western mediums create. I would feel it fascinating to find out why western games use certain flows and storyline arcs. Okabe: Im kind of a fanboy myself, so there is a part of me that wants to work on major titles like Dragon Quest. I feel that if I do work on those titles, the pressure of working such a known title would be just too big and because there is a part of me that really loves that series, I feel like I would try to skew my music in a way that would fit into that series instead of trying to create music that I think is good. I dont feel like I would be able to bring out the best quality in my music if I worked on those big titles, because of that pressure and because of the image I have of those titles in my mind. Currently, my want to work on those major titles and the part of me thats telling me I shouldnt do it are about equal. Were either of you surprised by Nier: Automatas success? Yoko: [in English] Oh yes. Okabe: For me, I live in Tokyo and developer PlatinumGames live in Osaka, so we did have quite a distance in-between, like literal physical distance between us. From the moment that I created the music to when I was able to see it next, there was a big gap in time, so when I was able to my music in the game for the first time, the game was pretty close to finished, they were almost done with development. At that moment, I thought Maybe this one might sell? But at the same time, I didnt think it would become this big of a success, I always thought it might do better than the previous titles, but it was like a hunch that I didnt feel until this time in Yoko-sans titles. I did have some kind of a gut feeling that it might do well. The last song of Automata, Weight of the World, had a chorus with the entire games development staff at PlatinumGames and Square Enix singing along to encourage the player. Why did you decide on that for the final song of the game? Okabe: I didnt remember this, I actually forgot about it for a while, but Yoko-san actually came to me telling me that he wanted a chorus at the end of the game pretty early on in the development process. I apparently made disgruntled face at him and did not remember why I even made that face or even that I made that face. After a while, I actually remember why I had such a reaction with the disgruntled face, because theres a couple of different types of choirs, but Yoko-san likes the more classical choir, so when he requested that he wanted a choir, I thought he wanted that classical type of choir at the last part of the game. At that moment, I thought Well, that doesnt really fit in with the game plan, I dont really want to do that, which is why I had that expression on my face. After we talked about it, Yoko-san mentioned that wasnt really what he was going for, he said that because that last scene is all about all these different people helping you, he wanted everyone to sing, he wanted it to feel like everyone is singing there with you as you play. When I thought about doing that, and I actually agreed that might be a good idea, because in Nier: Automata all the choir vocals that you hear in the game, its actually recorded by a small group of singers, I just overlapped their voice so it sounds like a big choir. Because that last part of the game is more about you playing amongst a lot of people, I felt that taking that approach again of overlapping voices again would not really work. So I reached out to the dev teams because they were working on that part and I thought it would be a good idea to have them put themselves in the game as well. I also thought that they dont need to have a good voice, its just to give that feeling that youre playing with all these developers. Development teams from Square Enix, PlatinumGames, and also some composers from my company who didnt work on Nier: Automata are singing in it as well. Theres also children of PlatinumGames developers and their family actually singing in it as well. That was the reasoning behind why we decided to do that at the end. Has there ever been, in all your games youve made, an idea you had that you had to be talked out of? Yoko: For the first Drakengard, I had an idea of [Japanese pop-star] Ayumi Hamasaki, like her character model, wearing all-silver spandex, like a giant version of her descending from the sky and you would fight against her by music. Everyone else on the staff shut it down. It does still leave that kind of music game essence kind of in there, but the part Ayumi Hamasaki comes out in silver spandex has been taken out. Isnt that kind of similar to Drakengard 3s actual ending? Yoko: Similar, but I actually wanted to go for something funny, or shockingly stupid. But no one would let me. Source： https://www.gameinformer.com/…/talking-to-yoko-taro-platinu…

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