關於 social media policy ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

0907紐約時報

*【美國人跨越政治分歧歡迎阿富汗難民】
一位牧師說，“即使是最右傾的孤立主義者”也挺身而出，幫助那些逃離阿富汗的人，一場大規模的動員正在進行中。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/us/afghan-refugees-volunteers.html

*【CNN 記者Clarissa Ward講述了所見的阿富汗戰爭】
Clarissa Ward撤離喀布爾後，有四天的時間補眠，在她父母位於法國的家中看望了她的1歲和3歲的兒子，然後再次出發，返回工作崗位，穿過卡達前往巴基斯坦，在那裡她從阿富汗邊境報導。CNN首席國際通訊員Clarissa Ward講述喀布爾在美國最長戰爭的最後幾天經常是混亂的情況時，經常會聽到槍聲。在報導美國撤軍和塔利班突然掌權的過程中，她和工作人員靠雞蛋、餅乾和巧克力條維生，不時流露出激動的神情。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/business/media/clarissa-ward-cnn-afghanistan.html

*【專欄：美利堅帝國的衰落】
俄羅斯的復仇主義、中國力量的增長、伊拉克的困局和阿富汗的失敗都削弱了美國的世界帝國，熄滅了美國在9·11後繼續主宰統治全球的幻想。
https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20210906/afghanistan-withdrawal-america/

*【塔利班宣佈控制阿富汗最後一個省】
塔利班上一次執政時，潘傑希爾山谷地區從未被其控制。蘇聯軍隊在1980年代佔領阿富汗期間，至少九次向該地區挺進，但每次都被擊退。反對派組織對塔利班聲稱已經佔領整個省份的說法提出質疑，當地武裝部隊表示，他們將繼續在山區戰鬥。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/world/asia/afghanistan-panjshir-taliban-resistance.html

*【阿富汗撤軍亂象背後浮現“拜登主義“】
在美國20年阿富汗戰爭的混亂結局中，一種“拜登主義”(Biden Doctrine)正在浮現：這種外交政策避免無休止的戰爭與侵略性戰略，同時聯合盟友反對新興大國的威權主義。美國總統拜登上週二開始定義這種信條，宣佈結束“重塑國家的重大軍事行動時代”，提出透過外交、針對性的軍事反恐行動、以及必要時的武力行動保護美國在全球利益，那將是美國更好的選擇。
https://cn.nytimes.com/usa/20210906/biden-doctrine-afghanistan-foreign-policy/

*【試圖在20年後從世貿遺址中尋找母親的遺骸】
20 年來，法醫辦公室進行了全國有史以來規模最大的失踪人員調查，針對襲擊後從殘骸中，要精心針對找到的22,000個身體部位進行測試和重新測試。科學家們仍在測試大量身份不明的遺骸，以確定與1,106名受害者的DNA，以便他們的家人可以收回遺骸進行埋葬。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/nyregion/9-11-ground-zero-victims-remains.html

*【所有的家當全都在洪水中泡湯】
上周東北部地區創紀錄的降雨導致四個州40多人死亡。在紐澤西州，死亡人數尤其慘重，至少有25人死亡，其中三分之一死於汽車中，而在紐約市13人死亡中，皇后區占大多數。白宮宣佈，拜登總統定于週二訪問紐澤西州的皇后區和曼維爾。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/nyregion/queens-flooding-cleanup.html

*【從搖籃到墳墓，民主黨人努力擴大社會安全網】
立法者本周開始起草的價值3.5兆美元的社會政策法案將觸及幾乎每一個美國人的生活各個方面，從受孕到老年。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/us/politics/democrats-biden-social-safety-net.html

*【數以百萬計的失業救濟金到期，拜登不再進一步支援】
總統鼓勵一些州繼續幫助長期失業者，但政府官員表示，現在是時候停止增加聯邦援助了。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/business/economy/unemployment-benefits.html

*【Covid-19實時更新】
#紐西蘭週一宣布，將放寬其最大城市奧克蘭以外的 Covid-19 限制，結束從 8 月開始的一系列封鎖。
#韓國衛生官員周一放寬了該國的一些社會疏遠規定，因為新的冠狀病毒病例在 8 月創下新高後趨於平穩。
#由於疫情居高不下，奧勒岡州和愛達荷州已列為重症監護病房床位用盡的名單。
#因巴西衛生當局對冠狀病毒檢疫規定存在爭議，巴西和阿根廷，南美最成功的足球隊之間的世界杯預選賽，在周日僅僅幾分鐘後就暫停了。
#一度充滿希望的夏天結束，新冠病毒死亡人數在美國激增。截至週日，上週每天新增病例超過 161,000 例，全國約有 100,000名Covid 患者住院。根據《紐約時報》的資料庫，截至周日晚上，美國已知病毒病例總數超過4000萬例。
#白宮辦公室表示，拜登政府只會在聯邦衛生監管機構提供支持後，才提供 Covid-19 加強劑注射，並重申了政府官員的承諾。
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/09/06/world/covid-delta-variant-vaccine?type=styln-live-updates&label=coronavirus%20updates&index=0

*【白俄羅斯反對派領袖被判入獄11年】
該國法院週一在閉門庭審中做出了這一判決。瑪麗亞·科列斯尼科娃去年曾試圖競選總統，她和另一名反對派領袖被控極端主義、非法密謀奪權以及損害國家安全，兩人分別獲刑11年和10年。這是該國總統盧卡申科無情鎮壓異見者的最新例證，自這場運動開始以來，已有數萬人逃離白俄羅斯。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/world/europe/belarus-kolesnikova-prison.html

*【美國司法部稱，將“保護”在德州尋求墮胎的女性】
這似乎是拜登政府採取行動反擊的第一步，但該聲明並未直接挑戰德州近期頒佈的“最嚴墮胎禁令”，也未具體說明聯邦執法部門將會給出何種支持。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/us/texas-abortion-justice-dept-garland.html

*【從北京到矽谷：“網紅”風投界迎來華裔“弄潮兒”】
隨著大批創投資金湧入YouTube、TikTok上的網路創作者，一名年輕的華裔女性抓住機會，站在了初創投資和“網紅經濟”這兩個熱門行業交匯的“風口”。
https://cn.nytimes.com/technology/20210906/li-jin-youtube-creators/

*【南非前總統雅各·祖馬獲准保外就醫】
祖馬兩個月前因藐視法庭被判入獄。該國懲教署稱，他將在社區矯正系統的監督下完成剩餘15個月刑期，但並未給出具體病情細節，反對派領袖批評這一舉動“完全非法”。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/world/africa/south-africa-jacob-zuma-medical-parole.html

*【六名巴勒斯坦人逃出以色列監獄，警方展開搜捕】
其中四人被判犯有恐怖主義罪行，至少被判兩項終身監禁，另外兩名逃犯的訴訟程式尚未完成。監獄部門表示，越獄者包括武裝組織“阿克薩烈士旅”的前指揮官以及激進組織“巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭聖戰運動”的成員。這是20多年來以色列首次發生如此大規模的越獄事件。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/06/world/middleeast/palestinians-escape-prison-israel.html

淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

新聞下標真的是一門學問。

看看這些標題，請問大家：

白宮承認的「錯誤」，是指「推文放上台灣國旗」？還是指「刪除台灣國旗推文」？

看聯合報，感覺是前者。

看自由時報，感覺是後者，標題讀起來是小編不小心誤刪台灣國旗推文。

中央社標題有點踩在兩者之間。

答案是什麼？

可以看白宮新聞稿原文。

https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/07/08/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-july-8-2021/?fbclid=IwAR0uRafGhnU5salqhuEO3w6E4ZvhNrA14JUfYgDHo3Z51qIsPN0VoQhUh80

答案很清楚。

白宮發言人說的是，當時一開始放上台灣國旗是個無心之過（honest mistake），後來發現了錯誤，就把推文刪掉了。

意思是，白宮的政策，「不應該」放上台灣的國旗。

以這三家媒體來看，聯合報的標題最符合白宮原意。

但如果不看標題，其實點進去看文章，三家都有把白宮發言人的話寫出來（但完整程度不一）。

台灣的媒體編輯下標時真的是各顯神通，建議大家還是要盡量看原文。

原文在此：

Q Thank you. There are hurt feelings among government officials in Taipei after the White House COVID team posted and then deleted a tweet that had an image of Taiwan’s flag along those of other nations getting vaccine doses from the United States. Was this tweet a mistake in the first place? And if not, then why was the tweet deleted?

MS. PSAKI: So, this was an honest mistake that was made by the team handling graphics and social media, and should not in any way be viewed as a shift in official U.S. policy. When we recognized the mistake, we removed the tweet. So we did exactly as you said.

We remain committed to our One-China Policy based on the Taiwan Relations Act, the three joint communiqués, and the six assurances.

PTT is one of the most open social media platforms in the Chinese language. Though it’s not more populous than Facebook, it’s arguably more impactful than Facebook here in Taiwan. It’s a reflection of Taiwan's spirited democracy, and it’s used heavily as a source for local journalists.

We speak with two INDSR researchers on a year-long project, “A Pilot Study on PTT in the Context of Influence Operations” (批踢踢影響力作戰前導研究）which attempts to identify CCP state actors on the platfor. The researchers are Oddis J.F. Tsai (Policy Analyst at the Division of Defense Strategy and Resources) and Dr. Jui-Ming Hung (Assistant Research Fellow at the Division of Defense Strategy and Resources).

The paper lays out mechanics and - through quantitative analysis - identifies types of suspect behavior on the world’s largest non-commercial, forum-based, open-source online bulletin board system in the Chinese language. This interview was recorded in January 2021 after the paper was published by INDSR.

Today’s host is J.R. Wu - a non-resident advisor at INDSR (Institute for National Defense and Security Research) in Taiwan. Wu is a former journalist with nearly two decades of media experience in the US and Asia. She has led news bureaus for Reuters and Dow Jones.

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Hi I'm SLS, thanks for watching this video. Over the past few days, the COVID-19 epidemic situation in Taiwan has gone worse rapidly. CECC has raised the epidemic warning to Level 3 nationwide. Please be aware, but don’t panic! Stick to epidemic prevention policy is the only right way.In order to get through this requires everyone's cooperation.

If you have been around someone with COVID-19, don't worry! If you didn’t have close contact, isolate and monitor yourself for symptoms for 14 days. Do not leave home or go to the hospital unless you've got symptoms. If you develop symptoms or test positive, please stay calm and make the call. Most people who have coronavirus disease recover completely within a few weeks, so don't panic, leave the medical resources to those in need first.

And the most important 3 things are, wear a mask, wash your hands, and keep social distance. Together, I believe we could get this through.

這次很榮幸參與台灣創作者自發的「好家在我在家」影片串聯活動，旨在呼籲大家少出門、重視防疫，身為創作者盡一份心力讓疫情能盡快渡過。影片的最後有防疫小貼士，請一定要看完！渡過疫情需要大家一起努力，最重要三項「戴口罩」、「勤洗手」、「保持社交距離」請一定要遵守！

#好家在我在家 系列影片
► https://youtube.com/hashtag/好家在我在家
加入LINE『疾管家』
► https://socialdon.group/cdcline
現在『台灣社交距離』 APP
► https://socialdon.group/downloadnow

🎤Social Media
Website ➡ https://www.slsmusic.net
Instagram ➡ https://www.instagram.com/slsmusictw
Twitter ➡ https://twitter.com/slsmusictw
Facebook ➡ https://www.facebook.com/slsmusictt

🥁DONATION
PayPal ► https://www.paypal.me/SLSMusic
歐付寶 ► https://www.bit.ly/DonateSLS

🔧Equipment
●Piano / NORD PIANO 3
●Speakers / ADAM A7X
●Audio Interface / Yamaha AG06
●Camera / Panasonic GH5
●Studio Desk / Wavebone HEADQUARTER
■──────────────────■
#animepiano #stayhome

?CÁC SẢN PHẨM DUY ĐỀ CẬP
Neutrogena Pure & Free Baby Sunscreen Broad Spectrum SPF50+
►https://shorten.asia/uB6cvePA

Kem Chống Nắng Cho Trẻ Sơ Sinh & Em Bé Very High Protection Sun Lotion Mustela 40ml
►https://shorten.asia/kGEbMKRN
►https://shorten.asia/rkmfcM1X

Kem chống nắng cho bé BAbyganics 59ml
►https://shorten.asia/AKqP6nGA ( dạng kem )
►https://shorten.asia/S7Cx3Fvb ( dạng kem )
►https://shorten.asia/DzRJssAW ( dạng xịt )

Sữa chống nắng cho bé và da nhạy cảm Sunplay Baby Mild SPF 35, PA++ 30g
►https://shorten.asia/2b7rJHEb
►https://shorten.asia/cEebRqFT

?Source
US
[1] https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/sunscreen-how-help-protect-your-skin-sun
[2] https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/labeling-and-effectiveness-testing-sunscreen-drug-products-over-counter-human-use-small-entity
[3] https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/should-you-put-sunscreen-infants-not-usually
AUSTRALIA
[1] https://www.tga.gov.au/community-qa/sunscreens-information-consumers
[2] https://www.tga.gov.au/media-release/australian-sunscreens
[3] https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/causes-and-prevention/sun-safety/about-sunscreen/sunscreen-faqs
[4] https://wiki.cancer.org.au/policy/Position_statement_-_Sun_protection_and_infants_(0-12_months)?_ga=2.193016237.1835762560.1609036111-1207462581.1609036111
[5] https://www.choice.com.au/babies-and-kids/children-and-safety/avoiding-common-dangers/articles/sunscreen-for-babies
EUROPE
[1] https://www.edqm.eu/en/cosmetics-children-under-age-three
[2] https://cosmeticobs.com/en/articles/european-commission-45/cosmetics-for-children-european-recommendations-for-an-increased-safety-1080
[3] https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumers_safety/safety_products/rapex/alerts/?event=viewProduct&reference=A12/00123/20&lng=en


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