台鐵車站情報站
台灣鐵路發展超過百年，有完整的環島路線，每個車站都成為當地發展的重要指標，火車站周圍有什麼特別的，看看網紅們怎麼說

Search

關於 membrane protein ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

相關標籤 相關照片 相關影片
在membrane protein這個產品中，有16篇Facebook貼文，粉絲數超過2萬的網紅Sunshine Kelly，也在其Facebook貼文中提到， Kick start the year with my regular workout and say yes to healthy lifestyle. 🏃‍♀️🏃‍♀️ If you are curious if your body is fitter than your age you c...
　同時也有3部Youtube影片，追蹤數超過1,460的網紅Eiko.Wingbi Sakura，也在其Youtube影片中提到，R³ System Instant B5 Premier + Complex formula specially targets severely damaged and over-permed or over-colored hair. Increases hair elasticity, str...

membrane protein 在 Sunshine Kelly Facebook 的最佳解答

Sunshine Kelly By Sunshine Kelly

2021-01-01 20:13:48 有 27 人按讚
  • Share this:

Kick start the year with my regular workout and say yes to healthy lifestyle. 🏃‍♀️🏃‍♀️

If you are curious if your body is fitter than your age you can try these simple exercises to check your flexibility, strength, and balance with resistance band. 💪🏻💪🏻

Well, a recent study highlights the importance of both regular exercise and milk intake as part of a balanced diet. Those who consumed 2 glasses of milk added with MFGM (Milk Fat Globule Membrane) and important nutrients plus regular exercises had 2X the improvement in flexibility, 3X the improvement in balance, and 40% more improvement in muscle mass compared to control. ✨✨

In each glass of milk, we can enjoy the goodness of Anlene™ ACTIFIT 3X™ that comes with high calcium, high protein, vitamin B2, B6, B12, C, D, E and collagen, while Anlene™ GOLD 5X™ is scientifically formulated to provide the same nutrients that 3X™ offers, plus MFGM Active™ and with no added sugars. 💯💯

#movestrong #anlenemalaysia
#fit #fitnesstransformation #fitness #flexibilitytraining #flexibility #flex #resistancebands #strengthtraining #balancetraining #kellyfitness

Tags:
Sunshine Kelly

About author
BEAUTY | FASHION | LIFESTYLE | FITNESS | TRAVEL at www.sunshinekelly.com
www.sunshinekelly.com journey blog about . Beauty . Style. Travel . Fitness . Lifestyle
21007 followers 20729 likes "https://www.sunshinekelly.com/"
View all posts

membrane protein 在 Facebook 的精選貼文

By

2020-12-03 14:02:20 有 1,175 人按讚
  • Share this:

「它將改變一切！」

DeepMind AI解決生物學50年來重大挑戰，破解蛋白質分子折疊問題。

本週振奮全球AI界的消息：Google旗下人工智能企業DeepMind發布了最新 AlphaFold成果，這是全球AI界無比振奮的重大科研突破。蛋白質存在於我們世界中的所有有機物體及奧妙人體中，全新的AlphaFold 算法揭秘了生物學界50年來試圖破解蛋白質分子折疊的難題，這項AI帶來的重大突破，將幫助科學家弄清某些困擾人們的疾病機制、加速找出新型流行病的具體原因（比如今年的全球新冠大流行），促進新藥設計、幫助農業增產、解析可有效降解廢棄物的嶄新成分、甚至探索為大氣減碳的全新解決方案。

我特別期待 AlphaFold 能為人類健康、環境生活推向更寬廣的可能性。在魔幻2020 最後一個月，這真是一個讓人懷抱希望的全新技術可能性，期待 AlphaFold之後締造更多 AI for Good 落地應用。

以下文章詳盡解釋了這項突破，內容經《機器之心》微信公眾號授權轉載。

▎生物學界最大的謎團之一，蛋白質折疊問題被 AI 破解了。

11 月 30 日，一條重磅消息引發了科技界所有人的關注：谷歌旗下人工智能技術公司 DeepMind 提出的深度學習算法「Alphafold」破解了出現五十年之久的蛋白質分子折疊問題。

最新一代算法 Alphafold 2，現在已經擁有了預測蛋白質 3D 折疊形狀的能力，這一複雜的過程對於人們理解生命形成的機制至關重要。

DeepMind 重大科研突破的消息一出即被《Nature》、《Science》等科學雜誌爭相報導，新成果也立刻獲得了桑達爾 · 皮查伊、伊隆 · 馬斯克等人的祝賀。

科學家們表示，Alphafold 的突破性研究成果將幫助科研人員弄清引發某些疾病的機制，並為設計藥物、農作物增產，以及可降解塑料的「超級酶」研發鋪平道路。

「這是該研究領域激動人心的一刻，」DeepMind 創始人、首席執行官德米斯 · 哈薩比斯說道。 「這些算法今天已經足夠成熟強大，足以被應用於真正具有挑戰性的科學問題上了。」

蛋白質對於生命至關重要，它們是由氨基酸鏈組成的大型複雜分子，其作用取決於自身獨特的 3D 結構。弄清蛋白質折疊成何種形狀被稱為「蛋白質折疊問題」。在過去 50 年裡，蛋白質折疊一直是生物學領域的重大挑戰。

DeepMind 的 AlphaFold 讓人類在這一問題上取得了重要突破。在今年的國際蛋白質結構預測競賽 CASP 中，DeepMind 開發的 AlphaFold 最新版本擊敗了其他選手，在準確性方面比肩人類實驗結果，被認為是蛋白質折疊問題的解決方案。這一突破證明了 AI 對於科學發現，尤其是基礎科學研究的影響。

在兩年一次的 CASP 競賽中，各組爭先預測蛋白質的 3D 結構。今年，AlphaFold 擊敗了所有其他小組，並在準確性方面與實驗結果相匹配。

對於不熟悉生物領域的人來說，CASP 的大名可能有些陌生——CASP 全稱 The Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction，旨在對蛋白質結構預測進行評估，被譽為蛋白質結構預測的奧林匹克競賽。 CASP 從 1994 年開始舉辦，每兩年一屆，目前正在進行的一屆是 11 月 30 日開始的 CASP14。

而 DeepMind 這一突破有什麼影響？

用哥倫比亞大學計算生物學家Mohammed AlQuraishi 在Nature 文章中的話來說，「可以說這將對蛋白質結構預測領域造成極大影響。我懷疑許多人會離開該領域，因為核心問題已經解決。這是一流的科學突破，是我一生中最重要的科學成果之一。」

▎蛋白質折疊問題

蛋白質的形狀與它的功能密切相關，而預測蛋白質結構對於理解其功能和工作原理至關重要。很多困擾全人類的重大問題（如尋找分解工業廢料的酶）基本上都與蛋白質及其扮演的角色有關。

多年以來，蛋白質結構一直是熱門的研究話題，研究者使用核磁共振、X 射線、冷凍電鏡等一系列實驗技術來檢測和確定蛋白質結構。但這些方法往往依賴大量試錯和昂貴的設備，每種結構的研究都要花數年時間。

1972 年，美國科學家 Christian Anfinsen 因「對核糖核酸酶的研究，特別是對其氨基酸序列與生物活性構象之間聯繫的研究」獲得諾貝爾化學獎。在頒獎禮上，他提出了一個著名的假設：從理論上來說，蛋白質的氨基酸序列應該可以完全決定其結構。這一假設引發了長達五十年的探索，即僅僅基於蛋白質的一維氨基酸序列計算出其三維結構。

但這一思路的挑戰在於，在形成三維結構之前，蛋白質的理論折疊方式是一個天文數字。 1969 年，Cyrus Levinthal 指出，如果使用蠻力計算的方式來枚舉一種蛋白質可能存在的構象，要花費的時間甚至比宇宙的年齡還要長。 Levinthal 估計，一種蛋白質大約存在 10^300 種可能構象。但在自然界中，蛋白質會自發折疊，有些只需幾毫秒，這被稱為 Levinthal 悖論。

CASP 14 比賽最新結果：AlphaFold 中位 GDT 高達 92.4

CASP 競賽由 John Moult 和 Krzysztof Fidelis 兩位教授於 1994 年創立，每兩年進行一次盲審，以促進蛋白質結構預測方面的新 SOTA 研究。

一直以來，CASP 選擇近期才經過實驗確定的蛋白質結構，作為參賽團隊測試其蛋白質結構預測方法的目標（有些結構即使在評估時仍然處於待確定狀態）。這些蛋白質結構不會事先公佈，參賽者也必須對其結構進行盲測，最後將預測結果與實驗數據進行對比。正是基於這種嚴苛的評估原則，CASP 一直被稱為預測技術評估方面的「黃金標準」。

CASP 衡量預測準確率的主要指標是 GDT（Global Distance Test），範圍從 0 到 100，可以理解為預測的氨基酸殘基在正確位置閾值距離內的百分比。 John Moult 教授表示，GDT 分數在 90 分左右，即可視為對人類實驗方法具備競爭力。

在剛剛公佈的第14 屆CASP 評估結果中，DeepMind 的最新AlphaFold 系統在所有預測目標中的中位GDT 達到92.4，意味其平均誤差大概為1.6 埃（Angstrom），相當於一個原子的寬度（或0.1納米）。即使在難度最高的自由建模類別中，AlphaFold 的中位 GDT 也達到了 87.0。

歷屆 CASP 競賽自由建模類別中預測準確率中位數的提升情況，度量指標為 BEST-OF-5 GDT。

CASP 競賽自由建模類別中的兩個目標蛋白質示例。 AlphaFold 能夠預測出高度準確的蛋白質結構。

這些令人振奮的結果開啟了生物學家使用計算結構預測作為科研主要工具的時代。 DeepMind 提出的方法對於某些重要的蛋白質類別尤其有用，例如膜蛋白（membrane protein）。膜蛋白很難結晶，因此很難通過實驗方法來確定其結構。

該計算工作代表了在蛋白質折疊這一具備 50 年曆史的生物學問題上的驚人進展，比該領域人士成功預測蛋白質折疊結構早了幾十年。我們將很興奮，它能從多個方面對生物學研究帶來基礎性改變。 ——Venki Ramakrishnan 教授（諾貝爾獎得主，英國皇家學會會長）

▎DeepMind 這樣解決蛋白質折疊問題

2018 年，DeepMind 團隊使用初始版 AlphaFold 參加 CASP13 比賽，取得了最高的準確率。之後，DeepMind 將 CASP13 方法和相關代碼一併發表在 Nature 上。而現在，DeepMind 團隊開發出新的深度學習架構，並使用該架構參加 CASP14 比賽，達到了空前的準確率水平。這些方法從生物學、物理學、機器學習，以及過去半個世紀眾多科學家在蛋白質折疊領域的工作中汲取靈感。

我們可以把蛋白質折疊看作一個「空間圖」，節點表示殘基（residue），邊則將殘基緊密連接起來。這個空間圖對於理解蛋白質內部的物理交互及其演化史至關重要。對於在 CASP14 比賽中使用的最新版 AlphaFold，DeepMind 團隊創建了一個基於注意力的神經網絡系統，並用端到端的方式進行訓練，以理解圖結構，同時基於其構建的隱式圖執行推理。該方法使用進化相關序列、多序列比對（MSA）和氨基酸殘基對的表示來細化該圖。

通過迭代這一過程，該系統能夠較強地預測蛋白質的底層物理結構，並在幾天內確定高度準確的結構。此外，AlphaFold 還能使用內部置信度度量指標判斷預測的每個蛋白質結構中哪一部分比較可靠。

DeepMind 團隊在公開數據上訓練這一系統，這些數據來自蛋白質結構數據庫（PDB）和包含未知結構蛋白質序列的大型數據庫，共包括約 170,000 個蛋白質結構。該系統使用約 128 個 TPUv3 內核（相當於 100-200 個 GPU）運行數週，與現今機器學習領域出現的大型 SOTA 模型相比，該系統所用算力相對較少。

此外，DeepMind 團隊透露，他們準備在適當的時候將這一 AlphaFold 新系統相關論文提交至同行評審期刊。

AlphaFold 主要神經網絡模型架構概覽。該模型基於進化相關的蛋白質序列和氨基酸殘基對運行，迭代地在二者的表示之間傳遞信息，從而生成蛋白質結構。

▎對現實世界的潛在影響

「讓 AI 突破幫助人們進一步理解基礎科學問題」，經過 4 年的研究攻關，現在 AlphaFold 正在逐步實現 DeepMind 初創時的願景，在藥物設計和環境可持續性等領域都產生了重要的影響。

馬克斯· 普朗克演化生物學研究所所長，CASP 評估員Andrei Lupas 教授表示：「AlphaFold 的精確模型讓我們解決了近十年來被困擾的蛋白質結構，重新啟動關於信號如何跨細胞膜傳輸的研究。 」

DeepMind 表示願與其他研究者合作，以進一步了解 AlphaFold 在未來幾年的潛力。除了作用於經過同行評審的論文以外，DeepMind 還在探索如何以最佳的可擴展方式為系統提供更廣泛的訪問可能。

同時，DeepMind 的研究者還研究了蛋白質結構預測如何幫助人們理解一些特殊的疾病。例如，通過幫助識別存在故障的蛋白質，並推斷其相互作用的方式，來理解一些疾病的原理。這些信息能夠讓藥物開發更加精確，從而補充現有的實驗方法，並更快找到更有希望的治療方法。

AlphaFold 是十分卓越的，它在預測結構蛋白質的速度和精度上有著驚人的表現。這一飛躍證明了計算方法對於生物學中的轉換研究，加速藥物研發過程都具有廣闊的前景。

同時許多證據也表明，蛋白質結構預測在未來的大流行應對上是有用的。今年早些時候，DeepMind 使用 AlphaFold 預測了包括 ORF3a 在內的幾種未知新冠病毒蛋白質結構。在 CASP14 中，AlphaFold 預測了另一種冠狀病毒蛋白質 ORF8 的結構。目前，實驗人員已經證實了 ORF3a 和 ORF8 的結構。儘管具有挑戰性，並且相關序列很少，但與實驗確定的結構相比，AlphaFold 在兩種預測上都獲得了較高的準確率。

除了加速對已知疾病的了解，AlphaFold 還具備很多令人興奮的技術潛力：探索數億個目前還沒有模型的數億蛋白質，以及未知生物的廣闊領域。由於 DNA 指定了構成蛋白質結構的氨基酸序列，基因組學革命使大規模閱讀自然界的蛋白質序列成為可能——在通用蛋白質數據庫（UniProt）中有 1.8 億個蛋白質序列。相比之下，考慮到從序列到結構所需的實驗工作，蛋白質數據庫（PDB）中只有大約 170000 個蛋白質結構。在未確定的蛋白質中可能有一些新的和未確定的功能——就像望遠鏡幫助人類更深入的觀察未知宇宙一樣，像 AlphaFold 這樣的技術可以幫助找到未確定的蛋白質結構。

▎開創新的可能

AlphaFold 是 DeepMind 迄今為止取得的最重要進展之一，但隨著後續科學研究的開展，依然有很多問題尚待解決。 DeepMind 預測的結構並非全部都是完美的。還有很多要學習的地方，包括多蛋白如何形成複合體，如何與 DNA、RNA 或者小分子交互，以及如何確定所有氨基酸側鏈的精確位置。此外，在與他方合作的過程中，還需要學習如何以最好的方式將這些科學發現應用在新藥開發以及環境管理方式等諸多方面。

對於所有致力於科學領域中計算和機器學習方法的人而言，像 AlphaFold 這樣的系統彰顯了 AI 作為基礎探索輔助工具的驚人潛力。正如 50 年前 Anfinsen 提出的遠超當時科研能力所及的挑戰一樣，這個世界依然有諸多未知的方面。

DeepMind 取得的這一進展令人們更加堅信，AI 將成為人類擴展科學知識邊界的最有用工具之一，同時也期待未來多年的艱苦工作能夠帶來更偉大的發現。

影片及原文，參考 DeepMind官方部落客 https://deepmind.com/blog/article/alphafold-a-solution-to-a-50-year-old-grand-challenge-in-biology

Tags:

About author
followers likes
View all posts

membrane protein 在 賴叔閱事 Facebook 的精選貼文

賴叔閱事 By 賴叔閱事

2020-03-13 18:45:13 有 29 人按讚
  • Share this:


恐慌嘅時候，更需要睇清楚啲。

肥人知道呢篇文真係寫得遲，本來我乜都唔想寫，依家見到個勢係全世界順水推舟圍堵中共就更加唔想寫，但係姣婆係好難守寡既，尤其是呢排成日俾班極度恐慌既人trigger… 我決定代肥控制員寫，因為我呢邊收視率高過佢。

好，開波！
--------------------

“We had better learn to doubt our inflated fears before they destroy us. Valid fear have their place; they cue us to danger. False and overdrawn fears only cause hardship. Even concerns about real dangers, when blown out of proportion, do demonstrable harm.” – Barry Glassner, American sociologist, author of The Culture of Fear.

網絡世界千奇百趣，好多網上既意見同評論，如果同傳媒製造既輿論結合（不論有心定無意），係會對社會有非常深切既影響。例如以前有政權會向群眾灌輸恐懼，挑起群眾之間既仇恨，或令群眾不知所措，進而控制群眾。呢種手法，不論以前納粹德國、現存或者已覆亡既共產國家、甚至自命民主自由既開放社會如美國都有出現。當政者及其黨羽，就係利用群眾既錯誤認知，以感性因素去扭曲大家既認知同決策能力，咁就可以達到佢地既政治目的啦。咩政治目的？好多種既，下至失敗政府要掩飾施政失誤，上至衝出國際統治全世界都有。

所以唔好話咁樣係「誇張」、「陰謀論」、同「乜都拉埋政治來講」呀，因為人類歷史就係充滿呢種叫 fearmongering既手段－用有目的地散播同誇大一樣不愉快既事情既手法，去引起大家既恐懼來控制群眾。現今世界，庸碌無能之輩當政比比皆是，唔識控制群眾既情緒，點樣遮掩政府既無能同做錯事既後果？不過肥人今次唔講法律，我學下一般既KOL咁「跨界別評論」先，所以呢篇文我講生物醫學，particularly 係將近來我係周遭聽聽埋埋既恐慌言論歸納一齊，逐點解釋。
--------------------

首先，等肥人我同大家重溫一下近來有關武漢肺炎既新聞標題：

信報報導「河南超長潛伏期病例疑94天確診」
HK01就話「逾5000疫廈元朗區最多　衛生署拒回應真偽」
Business Focus既報導就恐怖啦，話「肺炎突變新冠腦炎?　北京醫院首證病毒能侵襲中樞神經系統　感染肺炎併發腦炎北京醫院：患者意識曾陷入混亂」
CCTVB報導「私家醫生可收患者呼吸道樣本交政府陳肇始稱可及早減低傳播」

仲有零零星星報導例如：

「伊朗新冠肺炎疫情增至145死55歲國會議員不治」
「伊朗新型冠狀肺炎疫情失控，再有一位高級官員病逝。」
「【新冠肺炎・伊朗】數名官員先後染病身亡　23國會議員確診」
「新型冠狀病毒南韓確診個案累計增至逾7千宗死亡人數維持在44人。」
「【新冠肺炎．最新疫情】意大利確診個案逾萬　美國突破千宗」
上面堆報導實在睇到好多人好恐慌，尤其是本來對科學／病毒／醫療／疾病無咩認知既人，呢兩個月睇新聞就好似睇恐怖熱線咁。於是搞到好多心理質素差，表面受過教育既人墮入恐慌之中。

然後，我聽到身邊好多人竭斯底理咁驚叫：

「個肺花！個肺花！個肺花！個肺花呀！」
「呢個唔係流感呀！唔好再錯誤同流感比較啦！」
「潛伏期變長呀！無病徵既隱形病人都會傳染人架！」
（隔離果個choke到，咳兩聲）「我以後唔同你坐埋一齊呀！我唔想死呀！」
「如果唔係香港人衛生意識好，堅持戴口罩，香港一早淪陷啦！依家已經無新病例！你睇鬼佬幾污糟！又唔戴口罩，病又話唔使入醫院，返屋企休息，依家美國同意大利都爆發啦！」
「呢D廢老唔戴口罩，鬼唔望佢地中招死全家！政府應該強制人戴口罩！」

以上說話我全部聽過人講，最後一句我最撚火滾，你自己恐慌就好啦，咒人死仲要政府好 draconian 咁立法同執法？俾個民主自由既國會你仲可以普選，你都會選班人渣出來，然後大比數通過立法強制抽血抽組織，強制所有人有無問題都要戴口罩，仲可能要將人tag完再限制人出入自由。1984呀！

我日日做mon post狗睇網上既post，好多share出來又會令人恐懼既post，大部份都係有好多空間令人胡思亂想，如果你對科學尤其是 research methods, medical science, microbiology, virology等等唔認識的話，你鐵定會誤讀誤解再誤判… oh wait，睇返上面「利用群眾既錯誤認知，以感性因素去扭曲大家既認知同決策能力」，BINGO! 咁就搞掂你啦。為咩事要搞掂你？唔講啦，因為你會用陰毛論、陳雲信徒、唔好乜都政治化來駁我。

--------------------

依家太多post講呢個新型冠狀病毒，例如Facebook有個印度人既 Infographics on Covid-19，好詳盡，但咁又點呢？大家對病毒以致肺炎、流感、醫療系統等等都毫無認識，講到咁深入你地都會誤解或者一頭霧水。咁樣樣，好多人因為無足夠既basic knowledge，又先入為主咁因為自己既恐慌情緒相信左錯既資訊，要同佢地「解毒」，就好似同藍絲講咩叫法治一樣困難，真係太監洞房無撚用。

--------------------

好，依家開始【法網肥人講病毒】！

1. 眾所鳩知，武漢肺炎係由新型既冠狀病毒 Covid-19引起。Covid-19係冠狀病毒科 Coronaviridae裡面其中一種，佢係屬於 positive-sense, singled stranded RNA virus (正鏈單股核醣核酸病毒) 。RNA病毒有好高突變率，因為病毒既RNA polymerases缺乏 DNA polymerase 既proofreading能力，所以佢地好難有 nearly identical既 sequence。仲有一點好重要，病毒同病菌唔同，病毒係需要靠 host cell (宿主細胞)先可以生存，離開 host cell 佢地不能複製，不能運作，只有死路一條。所以一開始就話新病毒同SARS個sequence有幾多幾多 percent 相似，我即刻叮左一下，然後好多人傳話新病毒點點點可以生存好耐，我更加叮多兩下…. 邊個放呢D料出來既？

2. 另外，呢隻病毒並非 retrovirus (逆轉錄病毒, class VI single-stranded RNA-Reverse Transcriptase)，唔會將自己既RNA用 reverse transcriptase (逆轉錄酶)塞入host cell既基因裡面，然後適時復發。咩係retrovirus呢? 例如會引起 T Cell Leukemia 既 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)，或者引起愛滋病既 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)。呢個病毒，亦唔係好似肝病毒科乙型肝炎咁，唔係 retrovirus 但會有reverse transcriptase去將 viral genome incorporate 入host cell，所以就算不幸中左，都唔會話咩病者會成世帶住個病。所以我每一次聽到人講「就算中左都一世帶病呀」就會好抆，冠狀病毒變愛滋，黐L線！

3. 冠狀病毒既結構好簡單：一個 viral envelope，外面有protein spike，裡面有RNA，that’s it。佢地個replication mechanism (複製機制) 就係病毒接觸host cell後進入 host cell，然後係host cell個細胞核nucleus裡面複製。複製完之後就由host cell cytoplasm (細胞質)裡面製造既 necleocapsid (核蛋白衣) 加埋細胞核既 endoplasmic reticulum (內質網) 既phospholipid membrane (磷脂層)包住病毒RNA，經由host cell 既Golgi apparatus (高氏體)帶出host cell 繼續傳染人。呢個複製過程，當然會破壞甚至殺死 host cell啦。咁知道呢點有咩用？Phospholipid membrane係lipid bilayer (脂質雙分子層)，lipid bilayer係怕番梘soap既！咁勤D用番梘洗手就得啦，使撚用甲醇咩屌你，你嫌命長？

4. 有人話：「咁基因突變都得架嘛！個病毒咪做到所有野囉！」喔，係咩？如果咁簡單，呢個世界既大學就唔需要有生物系，而且達爾文應該無人理。首先，病毒點解會有基因變異？簡單講就係 replication 之中，有polymerases 抄錯條 sequence，例如本來係 ATCG 既，抄成 ATTG，跟住無 proofread 就掉出去。又有一種變異，就好似屬於Orthomyxoviridae 既influenza A virus咁，裡面有八條 RNA segments，可以係 replication既時候洗牌。呢種 replication 既錯誤或者洗牌，積埋積埋，小則變成 genetic drift/antigenic drift，大則變成 genetic shift/antigenic shift。前者可能將某一個半個 surface protein 結構變左少少，整體來講人體免疫系統仲認得出，變異後既病毒殺傷力有限。後者可能將原有病毒變成新既 subtype，大部份人既免疫系統都認唔出而死傷無數。假設，新既冠狀病毒係由舊有冠狀病毒（包括 SARS）天然 antigenic shift 變出來既，咁點可能係短短兩三個月再次 antigenic shift 呢？如果基因突變去到呢個地步，肯定顛覆生物學界既認知。但好多本來就無讀過生物既人會唔認同，佢地會搏命咁話基因變異點能夠預測！肥人話你知，唔係預測，而係不符合現實同暫時無人能夠推翻既理論。如果新病毒可以係短時間內變成 retrovirus，可以無任何條件下生存好耐，隨意改變 latent period潛伏期，隨意改變傳染力同殺傷力的話，科學家應該點 classify 佢呢？簡單講，長頸鹿頸長先叫做長頸鹿，如果長頸鹿變成 Mike Tyson 條頸咁短，咁我地應該叫佢做 Mike Tyson 定長頸鹿？如果新冠狀病毒有 HTLV-1既retrovirus能力，有hepatitis B 既 reverse transcriptase，有 flu A 可以 shuffle RNA 既能力，又有 HIV 既超長 latent period，你會叫佢做 coronavirus 定 super virus?

5. 講基因變異，要一個變異既病毒基因可以流傳，病毒本身必須要不斷繁衍，宿主傳宿主咁一代傳一代，病毒先可以續存。呢個就係進化論，survival of the fittest。古代有好多生物不能續存，就係因為被環境淘汰，例如有理論認為三葉蟲因為蛻變機制 (instar and molting) 有問題，結果難以生存，最後被大自然淘汰。如果病毒勁到咩人都可以一野就殺死佢的話，佢點傳播？宿主死左，無人帶佢地去傳染其他人嘛！病毒唔係病菌，可以係環境種生存好耐，病毒只要離開宿主好快就會死，就算有飛沫帶住，我地環境中既太陽紫外光、oxidizing agents、濕度與氣溫等等會令佢地好快收皮。病毒唔係倪匡衛斯理《藍血人》裡面隻「獲殼依毒間」，可以變成游離電波周圍飄。大家明白進化論，就會明白病毒學101既常識，從而 debunk 左一個不斷流傳既流言：「隻病毒好勁，好多人死架，傳播得又快！」傳播得快，不等如勁，而太勁既病毒，難以傳播。係呢度，傳播得快，同隻病毒之間並無關係。病毒殺傷力勁，傳播範圍就會窄，傳播速度都會慢；病毒殺傷力一般如普通流感的話，傳播範圍先會闊，傳播速度先會快。如果新聞瘋狂報導好多人死就等如勁，咁非洲同中東都有好多基督徒男女老幼被人大規模屠殺，你會唔會覺得信耶穌係死路一條？

6. 又有人話：「呢隻病毒唔同流感呀！唔好再同流感比啦！呢隻病毒會死人架！呢隻病毒無藥醫架！」首先，除左冠狀病毒同流感病毒，仲有 Respiratory Synctical Virus (人類呼吸道合胞病毒) 同 Rhinovirus (鼻病毒) 都會引起呼吸道感染疾病，隻隻都係病毒，病毒一向未必有有效既藥物醫治，隻隻都會死人。你地以為流感有得醫？用 Tamiflu 都未必得架，而且有可能有嚴重副作用。咁冠狀病毒同流感病毒有咩唔同? 有人話death rate高，無vaccine，latent period又長又短，病人無病徵，但呢堆因素唔係用來分別病毒勁唔勁囉。Death rate 高低由咩決定，點計？Vaccine有咩用，target 咩？latent period 點解會長短不一？有無病徵同嚴重性有咩關係，係咪好似異形咁，你怕有人無病徵但會 sudden death？你地睇得太多 WhatsApp D人無啦啦訓低既片段啦，你又知人地係武漢肺炎死？New England Journal of Medicine 有篇叫 First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States既文，提到美國華盛頓州有個病人1月19日入廠，20日確診，一直都係 supportive care，直到染病第11日，即係入廠第7日，醫生先用 IV 俾 remdesivir (瑞德西韋)，然後佢就退燒，其他症狀都消失或者減輕。咁又點解會係無得醫？大家記住remdesivir (瑞德西韋)，遲下會再講。

7. 仲有，我最憎既「個肺花！個肺花！個肺花！個肺花呀！」呢句，我想同講呢句既人講，肺花，係因為照 X-ray 既時候個肺有 consolidation/infiltration，呢個問題唔單止係肺炎，肺癆甚至cancer都會肺花。你怕咩肺花？流感去到嚴重的話，都可能肺花，因為你有 pulmonary consolidation or infiltration。肺花係因為你個肺 filled with liquid, exudate, pus 甚至 blood from hemorrhage。理性少少，冷靜D，肺花講一次就得，repeat 幾次無幫助。

8. 孤勿論點，呢隻病毒都只係一隻呼吸道感染既病毒，一隻真病毒，一隻同流感一樣會令人病，亦會令人死既病毒，只係流感令人鼻塞，但一樣有機會令人肺炎。呢個新病毒佢所有既威力都係傳媒、WhatsApp片段、社交媒體既報導俾佢，就好似有D 人，你聽佢大名如雷灌耳，一見到真人原來係柒碌又無料到一樣（我懷疑我自己都係咁）。其實有無人真正去了解上面我所講既野？無人話你聽你可以當呢隻病毒無到，話之佢死，但係一開始就進入恐慌狀態，咁你係咪俾人耍緊呢？

--------------------

講完上面既病毒既基本知識，不如講多少少基本病毒檢測既知識。好，依家開始【法網肥人化身肥控制員】！

外面成日有人話：「哎呀，個病人21日後先確診呀！」「哎呀，佢隻狗弱陽性呀！」「哎呀，本來係陰性依家係陽性呀！」「哎呀，南韓同意大利爆發，突然好多人確診呀！」Now TV 更報導「鑽石公主號在日確診香港人　康復回港後再檢測呈陽性」

究竟，呢堆確診數字信唔信得過？我意思唔係話邊個國家信唔信得過，而係呢個 test method 同個 protocol 信唔信得過，會唔會有 uncertainty 或者error? 一開始，我地可以睇下 Journal of the American Medical Association 3月9日既文章，Diagnostic Testing for the Novel Coronavirus，裡面有講到 false positive/false negative 既問題，仲有病毒測試既regulation，測試既 guideline等等。文中有提到，開初發展出來既病毒測試有 false negative，顯示出呢個測試既設計應該係有問題。另外，FDA，CDC與美國各州政府之間都有分歧，州政府當然想為居民檢驗啦，但因為個測試係新開發，有大量問題同 uncertainy，所以FDA “made clear that laboratories were encouraged to develop tests but could not use them for clinical diagnosis without FDA’s “approval, clearance, or authorization during an emergency declaration.” 咁 what does that means? 如果你讀 law 的話，我expect你可以 read between the lines。

講返個測試，檢驗新病毒一般都係會用 RT-PCR (Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 逆轉錄聚合酶鏈式反應)。好多人，包括肥人好多行家與同事甚至客仔，一聽到咩DNA測試，就以為呢個 test 無L敵啦，一定準確啦。Oh Sorry，no! 撇除所有「中國的會爆炸」同「中國有咩係真」呢兩個因素，一個test既結果是否可信係建基於樣本收集同檢驗方法，無論你係美國，意大利，南韓，日本定中國，樣本收集同檢驗方法先係 main point！

檢驗呼吸道感染疾病，你地話收集咩樣本好呀？Saliva? Sputum? Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA)? Bronchial lavage? 如果係上呼吸道病毒，咁 NPA都足夠既，sputum 都可以，但saliva 就應該要reject。但有時呢類既樣本都未必有足夠既病毒樣本去驗，病毒深入氣管去到肺氣泡(alveoli)，樣本可能要係bronchial lavage先夠做。仲有，收集樣本既手法，部位，儲存方式，收集時間與檢驗時間既差距，樣樣都會影響結果。支棉花棒「了」得唔好，你或者都會無 result。

好啦，到講 RT-PCR啦。RT-PCR係需要 medical scientist 去砌一段 primer 出來開始做test。為左檢驗結果既可靠性，scientist通常會係新病毒入面抽一段比較穩定既 RNA segment 出來做 primer。可惜，有好多情況下，RT-PCR會俾個錯既答案你。

第一，primer 既設計好影響結果，上面都話段 primer 要係抽病毒一段比較穩定既 RNA segment 出來做，咁如果你抽錯左呢？第二，樣本既 DNA/RNA sequence 既integrity好差，甩頭甩骨咁，結果就會受影響。即係上面所講既樣本收集出現問題呀！第三，樣本純度低，或者份量少，又即係上面所講既樣本收集出現問題呀！咁個 tech 或者 scientist 要係咁加 PCR cycle去 amplify 個 sample，咁 amplify 出來既樣本就有好大機會係 false positive，呢點會影響所謂確診既可信度，亦係咁肥人我見到漁護處話瑞士花園個阿婆患者隻狗呈現弱陽性反應，我當下笑 L97 左出來。大佬呀，你是咪無足夠 sample 就鳩 amplify，然後個 result 根本有問題你都聽長官意志，鳩簽個名話係弱陽性呀？陽就陽，陰就陰。Result 唔 significant 或者 inconclusive，你出咩報告jack? Invalid 啦！仲有呀，病毒係 host specific 架，會傳染人既病毒，又點會無啦啦傳染狗? 眾所鳩知冠狀病毒係靠人類細胞上既 ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2，血管收縮素轉化酶2)來進入人體細胞啦，狗 ACE2既同人既一樣？

寫下寫下，喂，原來未寫數據演繹同政策問題，太長啦，下次再續！

#跨界別吹水
#本來要免於恐懼唔跟隨共匪起舞
#依家又俾共匪睇穿你班人既心理
#個勢變啦全世界同共匪切割了

Tags:
賴叔閱事

About author
8949 followers 8519 likes []
View all posts

membrane protein 在 Eiko.Wingbi Sakura Youtube 的最佳解答

Eiko.Wingbi Sakura By Eiko.Wingbi Sakura

2019-07-06 09:39:08 有 330 人看過 有 33 人喜歡
  • Share this:

R³ System Instant B5 Premier + Complex formula specially targets severely damaged and over-permed or over-colored hair. Increases hair elasticity, strength, moisture, and sheen, allowing it to again radiate its healthy luster.
.
1️⃣Combine B5 (1)+NAPCA (2) in a container and then apply to hair. Then apply heat with a steam cap for 5-10 minutes. No rinsing needed.
✅Contain B5 (panthenol), sodium PCA, hydrolyzed keratin, and NAPCA. Rich in vitamin B5 and moisturizing ingredients that soothe hair and replenish nutrients. Reaches deep into the hair core to repair damaged hair. Strengthens and moisturizes hair.
.
2️⃣Put Power Base Protein Cream (3) in a container. Apply heat with a steam cap for 10-15 minutes, then rinse with warm water. Towel dry until hair is 70% dry.
✅Contains hydrolyzed lupine protein which repairs damaged hair as well as over-permed, over-colored, coarse, frizzy, porous, or dry hair. Has added sodium hyaluronate as a moisturizing ingredient to hydrate hair, lock in moisture, and prevent breakage. Includes added elastin to give hair more strength and shine.
.
3️⃣Apply Cuticle Essence (4) to hair. Massage gently to spread it out. Then blow dry and style.
✅Contains skin-friendly, penetrating silicone oil. This multi-effect conditioning formula repairs the cuticle of damaged hair. Protects hair shafts by creating a protective membrane on their surface. Makes hair soft, smooth, shiny, clean, and oil-free.
.
?Smoothing Balm (5) (Home Care)
After washing hair, put 1-3 ml of (5) in the palm of your hand. Spread it out and apply to ends of hair. Wait 1 minute for the nutrients to penetrate into the hair core. No rinsing needed. Then blow dry and style.
✅Improves any hair type, leaving your hair smooth as silk, soft and shiny, and more elastic. Can be used for rinse-free hair care to enhance curling.

I hope you all enjoyed this video! Remember to give it a thumbs up if you did and leave a comment below! Feel free to leave me video requests down below in the comments!
Thank you so much for watching and for all your continued support xx

♥ Instagram: http://instagram.com/Eiko_WingBi
♥ Fanpage: http://www.facebook.com/EikoBaby.FansClub
♥ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Eiko.WingBi

post-title
Eiko.Wingbi Sakura

About author
• Mixed ? Libra♎️ • Artist | Model | Actress ??? • BeautyBlogger | YouTuber ?? • Work Enquiries: [email protected] ♥ Instagram: http://instagram.com/Eiko_WingBi ♥ Fanpage: http://www.facebook.com/EikoBaby.FansClub ♥ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Eiko.WingBi
1460 subscribers 27067 viewes
View all posts

membrane protein 在 拉哥 Lai UP Youtube 的最佳貼文

拉哥 Lai UP By 拉哥 Lai UP

2014-12-21 20:59:39 有 12,481 人看過 有 302 人喜歡
  • Share this:

美容院通淋巴其實係流既, 唔好再俾人呃喇, 傻豬~
淋巴係免疫系統黎架 ^v^
Reference:
http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20080525/11150780
http://hd.stheadline.com/living/living_content.asp?contid=135773&srctype=g
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system

拉的自我介紹
你好啊！我叫拉，是香港人啊！我是個在香港土生土長的男生，接受香港教育和香港文化。我想向喜歡香港旅遊的朋友介紹不同的香港文化。

由於我超喜歡旅行！最近我開始為香港拍攝旅遊短片。希望你能更了解香港的美啊！

訂閱Lai UP ▶ http://bit.ly/laisubscribe

Lai's Self Introduction:
Hello! I'm Lai from Hong Kong. I'm just a normal Hong Kong boy being raised in Hong Kong, having local Hong Kong education and Hong Kong culture. Lai in Hong Kong would like to introduce different culture from Hong Kong to Hong Kong lovers.

Since I like travelling so much, recently I started making travelling videos for the sake of Hong Kong. Hope that you can know more about the beauty of Hong Kong.

Related videos:

【醫院故事18+】插尿管時伯伯的小鳥竟然變大鳥！？ -《拉姑娘醫院日常》
https://youtu.be/vAS7Vy3H2uY

在香港醫院職員餐廳吃甚麼？私家醫院竟然比公立醫院更難吃？！-《拉姑娘醫院日常》
https://youtu.be/1tgO_hYCNRk

為甚麼讀Nursing? -《HKU拉》
https://youtu.be/VilvDpk3JYc

Lai Facebook: http://facebook.com/jackylaiyc
Lai Instagram: http://instagram.com/jackylaiyc
Telegram 吹水 Group: https://t.me/laiup
Telegram 收風 Channel: https://t.me/laichannel
合作查詢: jackylaiyc@gmail.com

post-title
拉哥 Lai UP

About author
Lai UP is mainly about Cultural Exchange with International people! Light UP the World! 拉哥喜歡拍攝旅遊和與外國人文化交流的影片！目標是拉近全世界！ 助你擺脫港式口音，建立流利英語? ⬇️快D去呢度報名啦，仲有免費試堂添⬇️ 拉Club - 英文發音班 ▶ https://lai.club Lai Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jackylaiyc Lai Instagram: https://instagram.com/jackylaiyc
49200 subscribers 6708474 viewes
View all posts

membrane protein 在 拉哥 Lai UP Youtube 的最佳解答

拉哥 Lai UP By 拉哥 Lai UP

2014-12-07 23:06:13 有 8,309 人看過 有 262 人喜歡
  • Share this:

食同搽骨膠原對皮膚唔一定有益, 唔好再俾人呃喇
皮膚既蛋白質一定要身體造架!!!
Reference:
http://www.prevention.com/beauty/beauty/collagen-drinks-do-they-actually-help-skin
http://youtu.be/LKN5sq5dtW4
http://youtu.be/qBRFIMcxZNM
http://youtu.be/NmcLCpXVTrY
http://youtu.be/svAAiKsJa-Y

拉的自我介紹
你好啊！我叫拉，是香港人啊！我是個在香港土生土長的男生，接受香港教育和香港文化。我想向喜歡香港旅遊的朋友介紹不同的香港文化。

由於我超喜歡旅行！最近我開始為香港拍攝旅遊短片。希望你能更了解香港的美啊！

訂閱Lai UP ▶ http://bit.ly/laisubscribe

Lai's Self Introduction:
Hello! I'm Lai from Hong Kong. I'm just a normal Hong Kong boy being raised in Hong Kong, having local Hong Kong education and Hong Kong culture. Lai in Hong Kong would like to introduce different culture from Hong Kong to Hong Kong lovers.

Since I like travelling so much, recently I started making travelling videos for the sake of Hong Kong. Hope that you can know more about the beauty of Hong Kong.

Related videos:

【醫院故事18+】插尿管時伯伯的小鳥竟然變大鳥！？ -《拉姑娘醫院日常》
https://youtu.be/vAS7Vy3H2uY

在香港醫院職員餐廳吃甚麼？私家醫院竟然比公立醫院更難吃？！-《拉姑娘醫院日常》
https://youtu.be/1tgO_hYCNRk

為甚麼讀Nursing? -《HKU拉》
https://youtu.be/VilvDpk3JYc

Lai Facebook: http://facebook.com/jackylaiyc
Lai Instagram: http://instagram.com/jackylaiyc
Telegram 吹水 Group: https://t.me/laiup
Telegram 收風 Channel: https://t.me/laichannel
合作查詢: jackylaiyc@gmail.com

post-title
拉哥 Lai UP

About author
Lai UP is mainly about Cultural Exchange with International people! Light UP the World! 拉哥喜歡拍攝旅遊和與外國人文化交流的影片！目標是拉近全世界！ 助你擺脫港式口音，建立流利英語? ⬇️快D去呢度報名啦，仲有免費試堂添⬇️ 拉Club - 英文發音班 ▶ https://lai.club Lai Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jackylaiyc Lai Instagram: https://instagram.com/jackylaiyc
49200 subscribers 6708474 viewes
View all posts
看看搜尋的結果吧：

membrane protein 在 Membrane Proteins | BioNinja 的相關結果

Integral proteins are permanently attached to the membrane and are typically transmembrane (they span across the bilayer) · Peripheral proteins are temporarily ... ... <看更多>

membrane protein 在 Membrane Protein - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 的相關結果

Membrane proteins expose surfaces that are ideally suited for incorporation into, or binding to, membranes. Integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic ... ... <看更多>

membrane protein 在 Membrane Proteins - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI 的相關結果

由 B Alberts 著作 · 2002 · 被引用 30 次 — Although the basic structure of biological membranes is provided by the lipid bilayer, membrane proteins perform most of the specific functions of membranes ... ... <看更多>

你可能也想看看
membrane protein中文
Membrane protein function
Plasma membrane
integral membrane protein中文
Membrane protein type
Integral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein
Integral membrane protein function
搜尋相關連結

#1. Membrane Proteins | BioNinja

Integral proteins are permanently attached to the membrane and are typically transmembrane (they span across the bilayer) · Peripheral proteins are temporarily ...

#2. Membrane Protein - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Membrane proteins expose surfaces that are ideally suited for incorporation into, or binding to, membranes. Integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic ...

#3. Membrane Proteins - Molecular Biology of the Cell - NCBI

由 B Alberts 著作 · 2002 · 被引用 30 次 — Although the basic structure of biological membranes is provided by the lipid bilayer, membrane proteins perform most of the specific functions of membranes ...

#4. Cryo-EM analysis of a membrane protein embedded in the ...

Membrane proteins (MPs) used to be the most difficult targets for structural biology when X-ray crystallography was the mainstream approach.

#5. Membrane Protein Overview – Creative Biolabs Blog

Membrane receptors that embedded in the cell membranes, which can transmit signals between the cell's internal and external environments.

#6. An Introduction to Membrane Proteins - ACS Publications

They transport ions, metabolites, and larger molecules such as proteins and RNA across the membranes. Membrane proteins are also responsible for ...

#7. 2.6: Membrane Proteins - Biology LibreTexts

The plasma membranes also contain certain types of proteins. A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with, ...

#8. An intramembrane chaperone complex facilitates membrane ...

由 PJ Chitwood 著作 · 2020 · 被引用 30 次 — Multi-spanning membrane proteins have wide-ranging functions in transmembrane transport and intercellular interactions, and as cell surface ...

#9. Current Methods for Detecting Cell Membrane Transient ...

We can also distinguish membrane lipid–protein interactions based on the different categories of membrane proteins (Figure 1C). Integral ...

#10. Membrane Protein Protocols | Thermo Fisher Scientific - TW

A collection of Membrane Protein Protocols for research, provided by Invitrogen.

#11. Membrane protein - Definition and Examples - Biology Online

Proteins are one of the most essential biomolecules. They serve as structural material, as enzymes, as transporters, as antibodies, or as gene ...

#12. Membrane Protein Resources - RCSB PDB

Membrane proteins are either embedded in or associated with the phospholipid bilayer. Membrane proteins are crucial for cell survival and ...

#13. Molecular Mechanism of Membrane Protein Integration into ...

As proteins are integrated into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, some hydrophilic polypeptide segments are transported through the translocation ...

#14. An ER translocon for multi-pass membrane protein biogenesis

A set of ER-localized membrane proteins whose loss causes developmental diseases in humans, assemble with Sec61 into a translocon that ...

#15. Membrane Proteins: Structure, Function and Motion - MDPI

Interests: biophysical chemistry of membrane proteins and membrane interacting peptides; peptide and protein ion transport; antimicrobial peptides

#16. Membrane Proteins of Known Structure - The Stephen White ...

mpstruc is a curated database of membrane proteins of known 3D structure. ... Published reports of membrane protein structures in database = 2802.

#17. Outer membrane protein biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria

The outermost of these membranes is called the outer membrane (OM), and it contains a host of fully integrated membrane proteins which serve ...

#18. Plasma Membrane Protein Extraction Kit (ab65400/K268-50)

Plasma Membrane Protein Extraction Kit ab65400 provides optimized buffers and reagents for effective extraction of plasma membrane proteins from mammalian ...

#19. Ubiquitination and the Regulation of Membrane Proteins

Newly synthesized transmembrane proteins undergo a series of steps to ensure that only the required amount of correctly folded protein is localized to the ...

#20. Role of Membrane Proteins in Physiology - News-Medical

Membrane proteins are proteins that are part of or interact with cell membranes, and they are responsible for carrying out the majority of the functions of ...

#21. Membrane Proteins - GenScript

Membrane proteins embedded within the cellular membrane serve a critical purpose in the maintenance of many cellular functions including: signal transduction, ...

#22. MEMBRANE PROTEIN FOLDING AND STABILITY - Annual ...

Abstract Stably folded membrane proteins reside in a free energy minimum determined by the interactions of the peptide chains with each other, the lipid ...

#23. Membrane protein identification by shotgun proteomics

Membrane proteins are a class of proteins that interact with or are part of, biological membranes. Membrane proteins can be classified into ...

#24. Membrane Protein Expression, Purification and ... - EMBO

Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) are encoded by 20-30 % of all open reading frames and provide key functions in the cell. Due to their hydrophobic nature, ...

#25. Membrane Protein Expression | NEB

Integral membrane proteins constitute a significant fraction of the proteome of all living cells. Important examples of this protein class include certain ...

#26. Membrane protein biogenesis at the ER - FEBS Press

... the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it plays a central role in the biogenesis of membrane and secretory proteins. Whilst Sec61-medi...

#27. ProteoExtract® Native Membrane Protein Extraction Kit | 444810

Extraction is based on association of proteins with cellular membranes rather than on their hydrophobicity. Resulting samples are suitable for use in functional ...

#28. Distinct Requirements for Tail-Anchored Membrane Protein ...

A subset of membrane proteins is targeted to and inserted into the membrane via a hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TMD) that is positioned ...

#29. Membrane Protein Purification and Crystallization - 2nd Edition

Purchase Membrane Protein Purification and Crystallization - 2nd Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780123617767, 9780080536170.

#30. Membrane Proteins - Advanced | CK-12 Foundation

A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. Membrane proteins can ...

#31. Finally, characterize membrane proteins - NanoTemper

Membrane proteins can be challenging targets for characterization studies. Discover how Nanotemper tools make membrane protein research more accessible.

#32. Solubilization of Membrane Proteins - Sigma-Aldrich

Detergents act by disintegrating the lipid bilayer while incorporating lipids and proteins in detergent micelles. The hydrophobic surface areas of the membrane ...

#33. Center for Membrane Protein Research

Center for Membrane Protein Research Organization Chart for Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.

#34. An Integrated Framework Advancing Membrane Protein ...

Author Summary Over 30% of the human proteome consists of proteins embedded in biological membranes. These proteins are critical in many ...

#35. What types of proteins are found in the plasma membrane?

While membrane lipids form the basic structure of the lipid bilayer, the active functions of the membrane are dependent on the proteins.

#36. a resource for membrane-embedded protein structures and ...

Membrane proteins are embedded in a lipid bilayer, which has significant influence on both the structure and function of the protein. Whilst it ...

#37. The ER membrane protein complex is a ... - Science

Insertion of proteins into membranes is an essential cellular process. The extensive biophysical and topological diversity of membrane proteins necessitates ...

#38. Membrane Protein Extraction: The Basics - G-Biosciences

A detergent containing buffer is used to extract membrane proteins from the lipid bilayer. Different types of detergents, such as ionic ...

#39. Understanding Peripheral Protein-Membrane Interactions

Membrane proteins are integral to signal transduction and many other critical cellular processes. Peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs) are a class of ...

#40. Mapping the human membrane proteome: a majority of the ...

Membrane proteins form key nodes in mediating the cell's interaction with the surroundings, which is one of the main reasons why the ...

#41. Recent advances in structural biology of membrane proteins

Conference Overview. Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) are encoded by 20-30 % of genes in a genome and provide key functions in the cell. Due to ...

#42. Membrane stiffness is modified by integral membrane proteins

The ease with which a cell membrane can bend and deform is important for a wide range of biological functions. Peripheral proteins that induce curvature in ...

#43. Membrane protein - The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki

Membrane proteins are proteins situated at the lipid bilayer or membrane of the cell. In animal cells, these proteins make up around 50% of ...

#44. Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Gateway

Ion pumps are integral membrane proteins responsible for transporting ions against concentration gradients across biological membranes. Computational methods ...

#45. TERTIARY STRUCTURE - MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Categories of membrane proteins · The protein is partially inserted into the membrane. · More commonly, there is a hydrophilic domain at each end ...

#46. Integral Membrane Proteins | SGC - Structural Genomics ...

Integral Membrane ProteinsIntegral membrane proteins (IMPs) act as the gateways to cells. All cells and organelles are encased in an impermeable lipid ...

#47. the micelle-aneous world of membrane protein solubilisation ...

Membrane proteins (MPs) are indispensable components of biological membranes contributing enormously to both their diverse functionality and ...

#48. Plasma Membrane Proteins - Clinical Pharmacology - MSD ...

Plasma Membrane Proteins - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional Version.

#49. Membrane Proteins: Structure and Organization | SpringerLink

Integral Membrane Protein Structure Membrane proteins are those which are integral to, or associated with, the various lipid membranes within and around ...

#50. Membrane Protein Structure: Experimental Approaches

Finally, it addresses what may be inferred about the determination of membrane protein topology by the success of gene fusion methods and what is understood ...

#51. Membrane Protein-Cytoskeleton Interactions - 第 2 頁 - Google 圖書結果

After 25 years of probing protein dynamics in cell surface membranes, ... Lateral diffusion of membrane proteins is readily measured on scales of hundreds ...

#52. A Practical Guide to Membrane Protein Purification

Here we present an introduction to the application of these methods to the separation of membrane proteins. A. First Dimension 1.

#53. The Next Generation in Membrane Protein Structure Determination

The TatC core of the twin arginine protein transport system is another example of a membrane protein that was solubilised, purified and crystallised in the ...

#54. A molecular determinant of membrane protein targeting

The membrane binding domain (red) of Drp6 specifically interacts with cardiolipin (blue) present on the nuclear membrane. Most proteins residing ...

#55. Cell Membranes: Membrane Proteins | SparkNotes

Like the lipid bilayer, the exposed ends of the integral protein are hydrophilic. Figure %: Membrane Proteins. When a protein crosses the lipid bilayer it ...

#56. Membrane proteins group of the University of Valencia - UV ...

Membrane proteins are involved in an impressive range of biological functions, including signalling, energy transduction, small molecule and ion transport, cell ...

#57. Recent innovations in membrane-protein structural biology

For membrane proteins, achieving crystals suitable for these measurements has been a significant challenge. The availabilities of micro-focus x- ...

#58. Improving membrane protein expression by optimizing ...

The heterologous overexpression of integral membrane proteins in Escherichia coli often yields insufficient quantities of purifiable protein ...

#59. Membrane Proteins - BIOdotEDU

The quantity of protein in the average cell membrane varies considerably. Highly specialized membranes, such as those found surrounding a mitochondrion, are ...

#60. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in ...

During the shedding process, a protease (referred to as sheddase) cleaves a membrane protein substrate close to or within its transmembrane (TM) domain, ...

#61. Membrane Proteins | Functions, Types & Structure - Study.com

Some examples of membrane protein function include: Enzymatic activity; Transport; Signal transduction; Cell–cell recognition; Adhesion ...

#62. Signals and structural features involved in integral membrane ...

The amino-terminal domain of LBR can target both a cytosolic protein to the nucleus and a type II integral protein to the inner nuclear membrane ...

#63. Research Projects | Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins are the targets of more than 50% of all drugs in use today. Representing the “gates” for substrates and for (potential) ...

#64. ReadyPrep™ Protein Extraction Kit (Membrane I) - Bio-Rad

Use this protein extraction kit to enrich hydrophobic and membrane-associated proteins in fractions from cell and tissue samples without ...

#65. Membrane Proteins Tutorial - Theoretical and Computational ...

This tutorial is designed to guide users of VMD and NAMD through all the steps required to set up a membrane protein system for molecular dynamics.

#66. New Artificial Membranes Enable Better Understanding of ...

Membrane proteins represent about one third of all human proteins, but they are hard to study. Studying the structure of membrane proteins in ...

#67. Membrane Proteins & its types - SlideShare

Integral & Peripheral membrane proteins Helical membrane proteins could be single pass /multi pass porins which are beta sheets ion channels.

#68. Lecture 16: Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins are 25-35% of the genome. Page 4. Beta-Barrel. Alpha Helix. Amphipathic Helix. Fatty acid.

#69. Membrane protein function behind epilepsy discovered - Drug ...

Researchers have revealed the 3D structure of a membrane protein which plays a role in the development of conditions such as epilepsy and ...

#70. About: Membrane protein - DBpedia

Membrane proteins are common proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes. Membrane proteins fall into several broad categories ...

#71. Membrane protein | Biology Questions - Toppr

The cell membrane or plasma membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer structure with embedded proteins. There are two types of proteins external proteins ...

#72. Kawate lab unveils structure of major membrane protein

Kawate and his team imaged for the first time a well-known cell-membrane channel protein called pannexin 1. In a paper published on Feb 12 in ...

#73. Membrane proteins - chemeurope.com

Membrane protein It has been suggested that Protein Function in Cell Membranes be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) A membrane protein is a.

#74. Department of Molecular Membrane Biology

Cells have to communicate, receive signals and to sense their environment. Many membrane proteins are sensors and receptors, the signal is often received at the ...

#75. Membrane Proteins - Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure

You will find millions of embedded protein molecules when you look at the cell membrane. Each type of protein has a specific purpose. Examples of membrane ...

#76. Membrane protein - Wikiwand

Membrane proteins are common proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes. Membrane proteins fall into several broad categories ...

#77. 5.9: Protein Associations - Cell Membrane - JoVE

For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76%, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins— ...

#78. membrane proteins - Wikidata

membrane proteins. proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes. membrane protein; membrane protein of cell. In more languages. Spanish.

#79. Definitions

Peripheral Membrane Protein: Proteins that adhere only loosely to the biological membrane with which they are associated. These molecules do not span the lipid ...

#80. Membrane-Protein Modeling - Molecular Biophysics Stockholm

Membrane -Protein Modeling. Research in the Delemotte Lab focuses on understanding the molecular basis for the function and modulation of membrane proteins, ...

#81. Write About The Membrane Proteins And Their Functions.

Channel proteins, Provide passageways through membranes for some water-soluble, hydrophilic substances (charged and polar molecules). This is facilitated ...

#82. LCP Workflow Page - Anatrace

In recent years, nearly 20% of all unique membrane protein structures have been ... Commonly used for the LCP crystallization of GPCR proteins, this mixture ...

#83. 3.1 The Cell Membrane – Anatomy & Physiology - Oregon ...

Some integral membrane proteins are glycoproteins. A glycoprotein is a protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular ...

#84. Mass-spectrometric mapping of VDAC (voltage dependent ...

VDACs (voltage dependent anion channels) are integral membrane proteins serving as ... Mouse brain membranes were isolated from mouse brains by differential ...

#85. 357 Membrane Proteins Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart

Download 357 Membrane Proteins Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart for FREE or amazingly low rates! New users enjoy 60% OFF.

#86. The architecture of EMC reveals a path for membrane protein ...

Approximately 25% of eukaryotic genes code for integral membrane proteins that are assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum. An abundant and widely conserved ...

#87. Instruct Centres - Nanobodies4Instruct

... for crystallizing complex biological systems such as membrane proteins, ... Further, they can be used as structural probes of protein misfolding and ...

#88. Membrane proteins Royalty Free Vector Image - VectorStock

Membrane proteins. integral, and Peripheral membrane proteins, Single-pass, and Multi-pass transmembrane I -helix, Lipid-anchored protein.

#89. Artificial cell membrane channels composed of DNA can be ...

The DNA constructions behave much in the manner of natural cell channels or pores, offering selective transport of ions, proteins, and other ...

#90. Genotyping coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: methods and implications

the S proteins and RNA polymerase, RNA primase, and nucleoprotein, undergo ... envelope (E) protein interacts with membrane protein M in the ...

#91. Preprints by preLighters: Sonisilpa Mohapatra

We showed that this engineered protein module can be used to form membrane interfaces between cell membranes. One of the other interesting ...

#92. A gene in tuberculosis bacteria is found essential for ...

In 2013, they described two small membrane proteins that are required for siderophore secretion by Mtb, through their association with known ...

#93. Structure-guided discovery of pharmacological chaperones ...

Structure-guided discovery of pharmacological chaperones targeting protein conformational and misfolding diseases. McCorvie TJ., Yue WW.

#94. ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition ... - CORE

proteins of known structure, it is not clear in advance to what extent the ProSA scores reflect problems in protein structures containing membrane spanning ...

#95. Artificial cell membrane channels composed of DNA can be ...

Graphic shows the bilayer structure of a living cell membrane, ... offering selective transport of ions, proteins and other cargo, ...