【台積電佈局新存儲技術】
近年來,在人工智能(AI)、5G等推動下,以MRAM(磁阻式隨機存取存儲器)、鐵電隨機存取存儲器 (FRAM)、相變隨機存取存儲器(PRAM),以及可變電阻式隨機存取存儲器(RRAM)為代表的新興存儲技術逐漸成為市場熱點。這些新技術吸引各大晶圓廠不斷投入,最具代表性的廠商包括台積電、英特爾、三星和格羅方德(Globalfoundries)。
那麼,這些新興存儲技術為什麼會如此受期待呢?主要原因在於:隨着半導體制造技術持續朝更小的技術節點邁進,傳統的DRAM和NAND Flash面臨越來越嚴峻的微縮挑戰,DRAM已接近微縮極限,而NAND Flash則朝3D方向轉型。
此外,傳統存儲技術在高速運算上也遭遇阻礙,處理器與存儲器之間的「牆」成為了提升運算速度和效率的最大障礙。特別是AI的發展,數據需求量暴增,「牆」的負面效應愈加突出,越來越多的半導體廠商正在加大對新興存儲技術的研發和投資力度,尋求成本更佳、速度更快、效能更好的存儲方案。
從目前來看,最受期待的就是MRAM,各大廠商在它上面投入的力度也最大。MRAM屬於非易失性存儲技術,是利用具有高敏感度的磁電阻材料製造的存儲器,斷電時,MRAM儲存的數據不會丟失,且耗能較低,讀寫速度快,可媲美SRAM,比Flash速度快百倍,在存儲容量方面能替代DRAM,且數據保存時間長,適合高性能應用。
MRAM的基本結構是磁性隧道結,研發難度高,目前主要分為兩大類:傳統MRAM和STT-MRAM,前者以磁場驅動,後者則採用自旋極化電流驅動。
另外,相較於DRAM、SRAM和NAND Flash等技術面臨的微縮困境,MRAM可滿足製程進一步微縮需求。目前,DRAM製程工藝節點為1X nm,已接近極限,而Flash走到20 nm以下後,就朝3D製程轉型了。MRAM製程則可推進至10nm以下。
在過去幾年裏,包括台積電、英特爾、三星、格羅方德等晶圓代工廠和IDM,相繼大力投入MRAM 研發,而且主要着眼於STT-MRAM,也有越來越多的嵌入式解決方案誕生,用以取代Flash、EEPROM和SRAM。
- 台積電
早在2002年,台積電就與工研院簽訂了MRAM合作發展計劃。近些年,該公司一直在開發22nm製程的嵌入式STT-MRAM,採用超低漏電CMOS技術。
2018年,台積電進行了eMRAM芯片的「風險生產」,2019年生產採用22nm製程的eReRAM芯片。
2019年,台積電在嵌入式非易失性存儲器技術領域達成數項重要的里程碑:在40nm製程方面,該公司已成功量產Split-Gate(NOR)技術,支持消費類電子產品應用,如物聯網、智慧卡和MCU,以及各種車用電子產品。在28nm製程方面,該公司的嵌入式快閃存儲器支持高能效移動計算和低漏電製程平台。
在ISSCC 2020上,台積電發佈了基於ULL 22nm CMOS工藝的32Mb嵌入式STT-MRAM。該技術基於台積電的22nm ULL(Ultra-Low-Leakage)CMOS工藝,具有10ns的極高讀取速度,讀取功率為0.8mA/MHz/bit。對於32Mb數據,它具有100K個循環的寫入耐久性,對於1Mb數據,具有1M個循環的耐久性。
它支持在260°C下進行90s的IR迴流焊,在150°C下10年的數據保存能力。它以1T1R架構實現單元面積僅為0.046平方微米,25°C下的32Mb陣列的漏電流僅為55mA。
目前,台積電已經完成22nm嵌入式STT-MRAM技術驗證,進入量產階段。在此基礎上,該公司還在推進16 nm 製程的STT-MRAM研發工作。
除了MRAM,台積電也在進行着ReRAM的研發工作,並發表過多篇基於金屬氧化物結構的ReRAM論文。
工研院電光所所長吳志毅表示,由於新興存儲技術將需要整合邏輯製程技術,因此現有存儲器廠商要卡位進入新市場,門檻相對較高,而台積電在這方面具有先天優勢,因為該公司擁有很強的邏輯製程生產能力,因此,台積電跨入新興存儲市場會具有競爭優勢。
據悉,工研院在新興存儲技術領域研發投入已超過10年,通過元件創新、材料突破、電路優化等方式,開發出了更快、更耐久、更穩定、更低功耗的新一代存儲技術,目前,正在與台積電在這方面進行合作。未來,台積電在新興存儲器發展方面,工研院將會有所貢獻,但具體內容並未透露。
- 三星
三星在MRAM研發方面算是起步較早的廠商,2002年就開始了這項工作,並於2005年開始進行STT-MRAM的研發,之後不斷演進,到了2014年,生產出了8Mb的eMRAM。
三星Foundry業務部門的發展路徑主要分為兩條,從28nm節點開始,一條是按照摩爾定律繼續向下發展,不斷提升FinFET的工藝節點,從14nm到目前的7nm,進而轉向下一步的5nm。
另一條線路就是FD-SOI工藝,該公司還利用其在存儲器製造方面的技術和規模優勢,着力打造eMRAM,以滿足未來市場的需求。這方面主要採用28nm製程。
三星28nm製程FD-SOI(28FDS)嵌入式NVM分兩個階段。第一個是2017年底之前的電子貨幣風險生產,第二個是2018年底之前的eMRAM風險生產。並同時提供eFlash和eMRAM(STT-MRAM)選項。
該公司於2017年研製出了業界第一款採用28FDS工藝的eMRAM測試芯片。
2018年,三星開始在28nm平台上批量生產eMRAM。2019年3月,該公司推出首款商用eMRAM產品。據悉,eMRAM模塊可以通過添加三個額外的掩膜集成到芯片製造工藝的後端,因此,該模塊不必要依賴於所使用的前端製造技術,允許插入使用bulk、FinFET或FD-SOI製造工藝生產的芯片中。
三星表示,由於其eMRAM在寫入數據之前不需要擦除週期,因此,它比eFlash快1000倍。與eFlash相比,它還使用了較低的電壓,因此在寫入過程中的功耗極低。
2018年,Arm發佈了基於三星28FDS工藝技術的eMRAM編譯器IP,包括一個支持18FDS (18nm FD-SOI工藝)的eMRAM編譯器。這一平台有助於推動在5G、AI、汽車、物聯網和其它細分市場的功耗敏感應用領域的前沿設計發展。
2019年,三星發佈了採用28FDS工藝技術的1Gb嵌入STT-MRAM。基於高度可靠的eMRAM技術,在滿足令人滿意的讀取,寫入功能和10年保存時間的情況下,可以實現90%以上的良率。並且具備高達1E10週期的耐久性,這些對於擴展eMRAM應用有很大幫助。
2019年底,Mentor宣佈將為基於Arm的eMRAM編譯器IP提供IC測試解決方案,該方案基於三星的28FDS工藝技術。據悉,該測試方案利用了Mentor的Tessent Memory BIST,為SRAM和eMRAM提供了一套統一的存儲器測試和修復IP。
- Globalfoundries(格羅方德半導體股份有限公司)
2017年,時任Globalfoundries首席技術官的Gary Patton稱,Globalfoundries已經在其22FDX(22nm製程的FD-SOI工藝技術)製程中提供了MRAM,同時也在研究另一種存儲技術。
由於Globalfoundries重點發展FD-SOI技術,特別是22nm製程的FD-SOI,已經很成熟,所以該公司的新興存儲技術,特別是MRAM,都是基於具有低功耗特性的FD-SOI技術展開的。
今年年初,Globalfoundries宣佈基於22nm FD-SOI 平台的eMRAM投入生產。該eMRAM技術平台可以實現將數據保持在-40°C至+125°C的温度範圍內,壽命週期可以達到100,000,可以將數據保留10年。該公司表示,正在與多個客户合作,計劃在2020年安排多次流片。
據悉,該公司的eMRAM旨在替代NOR閃存,可以定期通過更新或日誌記錄進行重寫。由於是基於磁阻原理,在寫入所需數據之前不需要擦除週期,大大提高了寫入速度,宏容量從4-48Mb不等。
- 英特爾
英特爾也是MRAM技術的主要推動者,該公司採用的是基於FinFET技術的22 nm製程。
2018年底,英特爾首次公開介紹了其MRAM的研究成果,推出了一款基於22nm FinFET製程的STT-MRAM,當時,該公司稱,這是首款基於FinFET的MRAM產品,並表示已經具備該技術產品的量產能力。
結語
由於市場需求愈加凸顯,且有各大晶圓廠大力投入支持,加快了以MRAM為代表的新興存儲技術的商業化進程。未來幾年,雖然DRAM和NAND Flash將繼續站穩存儲芯片市場主導地位,但隨着各家半導體大廠相繼投入發展,新興存儲器的成本將逐步下降,可進一步提升 MRAM等技術的市場普及率。
原文:
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/sMZ0JwclWf1zAEPkW8Rn0Q
gate leakage 在 玳瑚師父 Master Dai Hu Facebook 的最讚貼文
【玳瑚師父客人見證】《八次的神準預言》
The 8 Bullseye Predictions (English version below)
文/劉泳廷 女士 Written by: Mdm Loh Yong Ting
阿彌陀佛大家好!
我簡單地介紹我自己。
我是泳廷,幾年前我有寫過兩份見證。
我和我女兒的名字都是玳瑚師父幫我們精心取的。
我也有請師父幫我看辦公桌風水、家居風水、八字,等等。
玳瑚師父永遠都會帶給我「驚訝和驚喜」😲, 真的不能不給他一千一萬個贊👍 。師父的「功夫」是越來越厲害!
讓我一一跟你們分享,別誤會我在做假。這全都是真人真事!
師父預言(一): 難產
四年前,就在玳瑚師父幫我擇了一個好日子生產。師父說雖然擇了日子,但這還是不是最好的日子,因為在這範圍裡,唯有這日子還不錯,但不是最好。師父也提醒我將會有難產的危險。師父有教我要唸《高王觀世音真經》,唸滿一千遍能圓一個願望。
師父也教我要觀想師尊,蓮生活佛,和唸師尊長的心咒:「嗡啊吽。古魯貝。阿訶薩沙媽哈。蓮生悉地吽。」
從那天我知道后,我就唸《高王觀世音真經》,在我生產前就已唸完了一千遍。我迴向給我自己和女兒平安。我也在入手術室前,一直觀想師尊和唸師尊長的心咒。這讓我安下心,沒那麼緊張和擔心。當醫生已剖腹時,他發現孩子的位置還是太高,急忙叫我像大便那樣的力氣去把孩子擠出來。但因為有打麻醉藥,我完全沒知覺,沒法把孩子擠出來,只能靠麻醉師和助產士幫我把胎兒推下去,才能順利生產。幸好我有聽玳瑚師父的話,把一千遍的《高王觀世音真經》唸滿,不然後果不堪設想。
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師父預言(二):與離家出走的弟弟破鏡重圓
應該在四五年前左右,我的弟弟做錯事而離家。媽媽其實一直很擔心兒子是否安全。玳瑚師父很慈悲地幫媽媽算一下,師父說:「別擔心妳的兒子,妳會在獅城雷藏寺與他相遇。”」媽媽就一直期待著。就當我的女兒滿月後,我帶著她前去獅城雷藏寺。
誰知真的如師父所料!弟弟發簡訊給我,說他在附近,問媽媽是否已原諒他?他可以與我們相見嗎?我們真的就在獅城雷藏寺大門外,與幾年不見的弟弟痛哭重逢。
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師父預言(三):外婆要出事了!
就在三年前,玳瑚師父幫我看了我的八字。玳瑚師父提點我:「如果婆婆要是有什麼事,必定要幫她累積福份,必定有用。”」
當時,玳瑚師父還千交代萬交代我必定要記得。那時的我覺得婆婆那麼健康,不可能會有事。但是我還是有把玳瑚師父所說的牢牢記得,還記錄在我的書裡。
果然,外婆大概兩年前就因為眼睛患有白內障,搞到她看不清楚,不能自己去巴剎買菜,沖涼也怕跌倒,天天都活在戰戰兢兢的日子裡。她的情緒很不穩定。一直說晚上睡得不好,一直做怪夢。舅舅帶她去看心裡醫生,診斷結果是患了憂鬱症,但看了久久都不好。大家都很擔心。
我就想起玳瑚師父當年所說的話。我立即去新加坡真佛宗獅城雷藏寺,能報名的我就去登記。我什麼都幫我外婆做,供養師尊、施棺、報名法會、祈福,等等。去新加坡真佛宗獅城雷藏寺的次數,多到連那裡的師姐們都認得我了。以前玳瑚師父預測的都應驗了,所以這次我不敢不信。
不久後,外婆的憂鬱症就有好轉!這是連醫生也無法解釋的! 現在我還是一直在幫外婆報名,外婆也相信是有用!我真的很感謝玳瑚師父的提點。
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師父預言(四):女兒的皮膚敏感
我已三年沒打給玳瑚師父,我也沒給師父任何錢。三年後,師父在電話里關心地問候我一家人。玳瑚師父聽我說我女兒的腳傷口發炎,還很貼心地叫我不要給我女兒吃雞蛋、花生和餅乾。
不止這些,師父還提點我,不要給我女兒喝牛奶,因為會導致她有皮膚問題,她也不愛喝牛奶,可以給她吃雞蛋,是她喜歡也旺她的。我聽了後,不停地給師父鼓掌 。👏 沒想到她的皮膚敏感,是我給她喝牛奶而造成的。但只要我加了可可粉,她就肯喝了,而且她真的很喜歡吃雞蛋!!只要有雞蛋,她就能下飯。
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師父預言(五):弟弟的癖好
玳瑚師父從來都沒見過我弟弟。玳瑚師父只是問我他的生日。其實我也不確定他生日的日子,但師父就能知道弟弟愛紋身!玳瑚師父真是料事如神!
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師父預言(六):小心會滑倒!
玳瑚師父也有提醒我要小心我會滑倒,玳瑚師父真的很關心我們。玳瑚師父說我會因為鞋底下的紋路已沒有了,一不小心就會滑倒。這你們真的要鼓掌了! 就在師父這番話的一星期前,我真的在艾伯特市集(Albert market) 差點滑倒!我看了看我的鞋底下的紋路已沒有了,我還覺得沒事遲些才換。🙊 可當師父講了後,我立即去換了,因為我相信玳瑚師父的話。不聽玳瑚師父言,吃虧在眼前!
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師父預言(七):讓女兒去沖涼的秘密武器
跟玳瑚師父提到,我女兒不喜歡去沖涼。玳瑚師父說:「去買rubber ducky,她必定乖乖跟你去沖涼。”」隔天,我就去買。果然!不費吹灰之力,女兒就跟我去沖涼。太神奇了!
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師父預言(八):解決月事外漏的方法
從小到大,媽媽只介紹Laurier這牌子的衛生棉。我從沒換過,就一直用到現在。就在今年三月時,玳瑚師父在電話中,提到我不適合用Laurier,而是適合Sofy。我立即就換了。這個月月事來時,奇蹟般的事發生了!我從小到大,前三天量都很多,多到會外漏出來。但用了這牌子後,量沒像之前那麼多,也沒外漏!而且平時,只要我一吃或喝涼的食物,就必定流量很多。那天,我不小心喝到西瓜汁,但竟然沒事!所以說每個東西都有它的五行,用對了就對你好。用錯了就對不起了。
我真的很感激玳湖師父一直以來的提點、關心和細心的教導。
謝謝玳瑚師父! 🙏
…………………
Amitabha, everyone!
Let me briefly introduce myself.
I am Yong Ting. I had written two testimonials for Master Dai Hu a few years ago.
The Chinese names of my daughter and I were carefully selected of by Master Dai Hu.
I had also sought Master Dai Hu help to audit my office cubicle Feng Shui, home Feng Shui, and analyse my Bazi, and so on.
Master Dai Hu will always bring me " many surprises". 😲 I have to give him 11 million Likes. 👍 Master Dai Hu "kung fu" is getting more and more powerful!
Let me share with you one by one. Don't get me wrong. These are all real-life stories!
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #1: My Difficult Labor
Four years ago, Master Dai Hu helped me choose a good day for my giving birth. Master said that although he has chosen a day, that was still not the best day because the birth period was restricted, and while the time and date were not bad, they were not most ideal.
Master also highlighted to me that I would have difficulty in giving birth. He taught me to recite The High King Avalokitesvara Sutra a thousand times, to fulfil a wish. Master also taught me to recite the long mantra of my Root Guru, Living Buddha Lian-Sheng: Om Ah Hom. Guru Bei. Ah He Sa Sa Maha. Lian Sheng Siddhi Hom.
Since the day I knew this, I started to recite The High King Avalokitesvara Sutra. I completed the 1000 recitations before my labour day. I made a wish and dedicated all the merits to the safety of my daughter and I.
Before entering the operating room, I also visualised my Root Guru and recited His long mantra repeatedly. That calmed me down, and made me feel less nervous and worried. When the doctor did a caesarean section, he found that the child was still too high. He hurriedly called me to push my child out, just like how I would push my stools out. But because I was under anesthesia, I had no sensation to be able to push my child out. I could only rely on the anaesthetist and midwife to help me push my stomach area to get the child out. Fortunately, I had listened to Master, and recited The High King Avalokitesvara Sutra 1000 times, or I would not be able to give birth smoothly.
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #2: The Reunion With My Brother Who Left Home
It should be around four or five years ago, that my younger brother left home after doing something wrong. My mother had always been worried about her son's safety. When Master knew that my mother was worried, he was very compassionate and helped my mother to do a divination.
Master said, "Don't worry about your son, you will meet him at Singapore True Buddha Shi Cheng Temple." My mother had been looking forward to it. When my daughter turned full month, I took her and my mother to Singapore True Buddha Shi Cheng Association. What Master had predicted really came true! My brother sent me a text, saying that he was nearby. He asked if my mother had forgiven him, and if he could see us? We really reunited in tears with my brother, whom we had not seen for a few years, right outside the gate of Singapore True Buddha Shi Cheng Temple!
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #3: Granny is going to be in trouble!
Just three years ago, Master Dai Hu helped me read my Bazi. Master said, “If anything happen to your grandmother, you must help her to accumulate blessings, and merits. It will bound to come in useful.”
At that moment, Master kept reminding me on that. I felt that it was impossible, as my grandma was so healthy. However, I still gingers took note of what Master had said and recorded it down in my book.
Sure enough, about two years ago, my grandmother had cataracts in her eyes. She was unable to see clearly, and could not go to the market on her own to buy food. She was even afraid of falls during shower.
Every day, she lived with fear. Her emotions became very unstable. She said that she was unable to sleep at night and had strange dreams. My uncle took her to see the psychologist, who diagnosed that she was suffering from depression, but clinic visits over a period of time did not help her. Everyone was worried.
At this time, I recalled what Master Dai Hu had said a year ago. I immediately went to Singapore True Buddha Shi Cheng Temple to register all the activities that to gain merits. I did everything possible for my grandmother, such as making offering to my Root Guru, Grandmaster Lu, donation of coffins, registration for pujas, prayers for blessings, and so on. My visits to Singapore True Buddha Shi Cheng Temple were so frequent, that even the Dharma sisters there could recognise me.
The previous predictions of Master had all came true, so I dared not disbelieve this time. Soon afterwards, my grandmother's depression improved! This was something that even the doctor could not explain! Now I still continue to sign up for meritorious actives for my grandmother. My grandmother also believed that they were useful! I am truly thankful for the advice given by Master Dai Hu.
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #4: My Daughter’s Skin Allergy
I haven't called Master Dai Hu for three years. I didn’t give any money to Master either. However, three years later, Master still asked about my family with much care, during my phone conversation with him. When he heard about the wound inflammation on my daughter’s feet, Master Dai Hu told me not to let her eat eggs, peanuts and biscuits.
Not only that, Master also asked me not to give my daughter milk because it would cause her skin problems, that she did not like to drink milk either, and I could feed her eggs because she would like them, and eggs bring her luck. After listening, I kept applauding for Master. 👏
I did not know her skin problem was due to the milk that I gave her. But as long as I added cocoa, she would be willing to drink! And she really likes to eat eggs! As long as she has eggs, she can eat them with her rice.
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #5: My Brother’s Penchant
Master Dai Hu had never seen my younger brother before. When Master asked me for my brother's birth date (I'm not quite sure about his birth day), he could tell that my brother loves having tattoos! Master’s ability to foretell is really divine!
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #6: Be Careful of Slips!
Master Dai Hu also reminded me to be careful of slipping, Master really cares about us. He said that I would slip because the soles of my shoes would wear off. This time round, you guys really have to applaud! Just a week ago before Master’s words, I almost slipped at Albert Market! I checked my soles and saw that the lines were gone. I still felt it was alright. 🙊 But as soon as Master told me, I immediately changed my shoes, because I believe in Master’s accuracy. Those who do not listen to Master’s words will bound to suffer soon.
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #7: The Secret Weapon for My Daughter’s Shower
I told Master Dai Hu that my daughter did not like to shower. Master said, "Go and buy a rubber ducky. She will then obey your words to shower.” The next day I went out and bought it. Sure enough, it took me nary any effort to get my girl to go shower. How amazing!
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Master Dai Hu’s Prediction #8: The Solution To Period Leaks
Since young, my mother only introduced to me the Laurier's brand of sanitary napkins. I have been using it until now. Just in March this year, I was advised by Master that Laurier wasn’t a suitable brand for me, and I was better suited for Sofy. I immediately changed to Sofy.
When my menstruation came this month, I discovered that something miraculous happened! Ever since puberty, usually the flow would be quite heavy in the first three days, causing leakage sometimes. However, after using this brand, the flow wasn't as much as before, and there was no leakage!
Usually, if I eat or drink “cooling” food, my period flow will definitely increased. That day, I accidentally drank watermelon juice, yet it was all right! I did not have a heavier flow! Every thing has its unique five elements When used right, it will benefit you. But if used wrongly, then I'm sorry.
I am really grateful to Master Dai Hu’s constant recommendations, care, meticulous attention and teaching.
Thank you, Master Dai Hu! 🙏
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