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Taiwan's government on Wednesday said it will expand existing radiation-level tests on fish caught near the country, a day after Japan said it plans to release treated radioactive water from the disabled #FukushimaDaiichi #nuclear plant into the Pacific Ocean in two years time.
https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202104140024
福島核電廠驚見新汙染物 原能管制委員會警告 :「可能再次爆炸」！（03/10/2021 Newtalk 新頭殼）
（黃奕慈 綜合報導）今（10日）日本原子能管制委員會發布報告表示，東京電力公司在福島第一核電站內部發現了新的污染場所，且嚴重程度遠超乎預期，因此原本廢爐拆除計劃可能需要重新考慮。令人驚訝的是，福島第一核電廠的1號和3號機組核反應堆壓力容器排出的部分氣體發生了倒流，「有可能再次引發爆炸。」
根據《日本放送協會》今日報導指出，原子能管制委員會發布了一份「有關福島核事故的調查報告」，內容顯示出約7萬萬億貝克勒爾的輻射性物質可能附著在第一核電廠的2號和3號機組核反應堆的安全頂蓋上。
日本原子能管制委員會表示，由於污染程度遠超預期，工作人員將無法按原計劃拆除安全頂蓋，需要和東京電力公司一起重新考慮廢爐拆除計劃。這份報告還指出，福島第一核電廠的1、3號機組的核反應堆壓力容器排出的部分氣體倒流，由於其中含有氫氣，「可能會再次引發爆炸，還會讓汙染範圍擴大。」
此外，有一項最新的實驗顯示，如果福島第一核電廠的3號機組發生氫氣爆炸，還有可能會引燃核電廠內部的其他可燃氣體，導致連環爆炸。所以為了確保廢墟拆除工作的安全進行，東京電力公司表示將對設備進行更加詳細的檢測。
在2011年3月11日，東日本大地震引發的大海嘯，襲擊了位在海邊的福島第一核電站，該核電廠的發電設備被水淹，導致冷卻系統失靈。在6個反應堆中的3個發生了熔毀。在接下來的幾天裡，1號和3號反應堆多次發生氫氣爆炸，並在環境中外洩了大量放射性物質。
PS. 編按：日本NHK官網上 03/10 所刊載的相關報導全文如下：
福島 NEWS WEB
福島放送局 トップ
原子力規制委が事故調査の報告書
原子力規制委員会は、おととし再開した東京電力・福島第一原子力発電所の事故調査の報告書をまとめ、原子炉建屋の上部で激しい汚染が見つかるなどしたことから、今後の廃炉作業について東京電力と検討を進めるとしています。
原子力規制委員会は、放射線量が下がった場所を中心に２年前から事故調査を再開し、その結果を１０日、報告書にまとめました。
それによりますと、核燃料が溶け落ちるメルトダウンを起こした１号機から３号機の３基の原子炉にあった放射性物質のおよそ１割にあたるあわせて７京ベクレルが、２号機と３号機の建屋上部にあるシールドプラグと呼ばれるコンクリートの蓋に付着している可能性があることが新たにわかったということです。
規制委員会は汚染が予想以上に激しく、仮に廃炉に向けて蓋を取り外す場合、人が近寄って安全に作業することが極めて困難になるとして、被ばく対策を含めて今後の廃炉作業の方法について東京電力と検討を進めるとしています。
このほか、原子炉がある格納容器を守るため中の気体を外に放出する「ベント」という操作を試みた１号機と３号機では、気体の一部が配管を通じて建屋に逆流していたこともわかり、これにより建屋内の汚染を広げた可能性があると指摘しています。
また、逆流した気体には水素も含まれていて、水素爆発につながったおそれもあるとして、今後、設備の検証などを進める必要があるとしています。
水素爆発については映像を分析するなど初めて詳細な検証が行われ、３号機では最初の爆発に続き、水素とは別の可燃性ガスも混ざった爆発的な燃焼が連続して起きていた可能性が高いとしました。
規制委員会は今後も調査を継続するとしています。
NHK完整報導內容請見：
https://www3.nhk.or.jp/lnews/fukushima/20210310/6050013761.html
英文翻譯如下：
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has compiled a report on the accident investigation of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, which has been reopened, and found severe pollution at the top of the reactor building. We are going to proceed with the examination.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has resumed accident investigations two years ago, mainly in areas where radiation levels have dropped, and summarized the results in a report on the 10th.
According to this, about 10% of the radioactive materials in the three reactors of Units 1 to 3, which caused the meltdown of the nuclear fuel, totaling 7K Becquerel, were placed in the upper part of the buildings of Units 2 and 3. It is newly discovered that it may be attached to a concrete lid called a shield plug.
The Regulatory Commission said that the pollution was more severe than expected, and if the lid was removed for decommissioning, it would be extremely difficult for people to approach and work safely. Will be discussed with TEPCO.
In addition, at Units 1 and 3, which attempted an operation called "venting" to release the gas inside to protect the containment vessel where the reactor is located, part of the gas flowed back into the building through piping. It turns out that this may have spread the pollution inside the building.
In addition, the backflow gas also contains hydrogen, which may have led to a hydrogen explosion, and it is necessary to proceed with verification of equipment in the future.
Detailed verification of the hydrogen explosion was carried out for the first time, such as by analyzing the video, and it is possible that at Unit 3, following the first explosion, explosive combustion mixed with flammable gas other than hydrogen occurred continuously. Was high.
The Regulatory Commission says it will continue to investigate.
中文翻譯如下：
核監管委員會已經對福島第一核電站的事故調查進行了彙編，該報告已經重新開放，並在反應堆頂部發現了嚴重污染，我們將繼續進行檢查。
核監管委員會兩年前已恢復事故調查，主要是在輻射水平下降的地區，並在10日的報告中總結了結果。
據此，導致1號至3號機組的三個反應堆中導致核燃料融化的約10％的放射性物質（總計7K Becquerel）被放置在2號和3號機組的建築物的上部。是新發現的，它可能會附在一個稱為屏蔽塞的混凝土蓋上。
監管委員會說，污染比預期的還要嚴重，如果卸下蓋子進行退役，人們接近和安全工作將極為困難，將與東京電力公司進行討論。
另外，在1號和3號機組中，嘗試進行“排氣（venting)”作業以釋放內部氣體以保護反應堆所在的安全殼，部分氣體通過管道回流到建築物中。可能已將污染散佈在建築物內部。
此外，回流氣體中還包含氫氣，這可能導致氫氣爆炸，因此有必要在將來進行設備驗證。
首次對氫氣爆炸進行了詳細的驗證，例如通過分析視頻，並且在第一次爆炸後的3號機組中，可能會連續發生爆炸混合了除氫氣以外的易燃氣體的爆炸燃燒。
監管委員會表示將繼續調查。
Newtalk新頭殼報導的完整內容請見：
https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2021-03-10/547169
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Radiation levels at Fukushima plant far worse than was thought（12/30/2020 The Asahi Shimbun日本朝日新聞）
最新測量解果顯示，日本福島一號核電廠受損反應爐的廠房放射性輻射濃度遠比原先估計的來得更高，工作人員只要在接近反應爐附近區域待一個小時，就會立即致命！原本預期在今年展開的反應爐廢爐清汙除役作業再度向後延遲。
日本朝日新聞專題報導指出，最新的現場輻射濃度測量解果顯示，福島一號核電廠因發生氫爆導致核燃料熔燬而嚴重毀損的２號及３號反應爐所在的核島區環境中的放射性輻射濃度，即便是在核災發生十年之後，依舊高得驚人，輻射濃度甚至遠比原先估算的還要高出許多，人類只要在鄰近反應爐廠房的附近區域待超過一個小時，就會立即喪命。
福島核災十年了, 福島核電廠2,3號機輻射遠高過預期, 人員難以接近，即便是使用機械手臂也因超高的輻射線影響，使得機械工具的使用壽命異常短暫，根本無法正常作業，想要拆除反應爐並清除廠房內的高放射性污染廢棄物以及融化的核燃料棒殘渣，比原先預測的來得困難太多。
日本政府的原子力規制委員會（Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) ）指出最新量測到的反應爐廢墟周遭存在的超高濃度放射性輻射線對於福島一號核電廠廠區整體的除役以及除污復原工作造成“極端嚴重的挑戰”。
日本政府的原子力規制委員會（Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) ）指出在如此巨量的放射性輻射污染環境到附近待超過一個小時，人類就會因接觸過量輻射而致死，因此日本原子力規制委員會認為反應爐廢墟現場的實際狀況比早先擬定的除役清污計畫所想訂的還要還要艱困許多，因此原先擬定的廢爐除役清污計畫勢將需要重新評估重擬。
基於最新測得的環境輻射濃度測量結果，以及廢爐除汙機械設備開發的進度比原先預估的時程發生延誤，日本東京電力在去年（2020）12月24 日宣布原先預定要在今年（2021）展開的反應爐廢墟清除熔燬的核燃料棒殘骸、碎片的除汙工程，將再度順延到2022年甚至更晚的時程。
Radiation levels at Fukushima plant far worse than was thought（12/30/2020 The Asahi Shimbun日本朝日新聞）
（By NORIHIKO KUWABARA/ Staff Writer）Exceedingly high radiation levels found inside crippled reactor buildings at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant were labeled by nuclear regulators as an “extremely serious” challenge to the shutdown process and overall decommissioning of the site.
The Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) said a huge amount of radioactive materials apparently had attached to shield plugs of the containment vessels in the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors.
Radiation levels were estimated at 10 sieverts per hour, a lethal dose for anyone who spends even an hour in the vicinity, according to experts.
The finding would make it exceptionally difficult for workers to move the shield plugs, raising the prospect that the plan to decommission the reactors will have to be reassessed.
Toyoshi Fuketa, chairman of the NRA, noted that removing the highly contaminated shield plugs added to the enormous difficulty of retrieving nuclear fuel debris, the most daunting part of the decommissioning process.
“It appears that nuclear debris lies at an elevated place,” he said at a news conference earlier this month. “This will have a huge impact on the whole process of decommissioning work.”
A shield plug, made of reinforced concrete, is circular in shape and measures about 12 meters in diameter.
It has a triple-layer structure, with each layer about 60 centimeters thick. It is placed above the containment vessel like a lid on the top floor of a reactor building.
The shield plug blocks radiation from the reactor core at normal times.
When nuclear fuels need to be replaced, workers remove a shield plug to gain access to the interior of the containment vessel.
In a study that resumed in September after about a five-year hiatus, the NRA carried out fresh measurements of radiation levels in the vicinity of the shield plugs of the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors.
The study was undertaken following investigations by Tokyo Electric Power Co., operator of the plant, and other entities, which had shown extraordinary levels of radiations there.
The NRA’s study found that the amount of radioactive cesium 137 was estimated at 20-40 petabecquerels between the space between the top and middle layers of the shied plug of the No. 2 reactor.
That works out to more than 10 sieverts per hour based on readings of radiation levels nearby. Radiation at such levels can kill a person if they are exposed for an hour, according to experts.
The estimated figure was 30 petabecquerels for the No. 3 reactor.
In the triple meltdown triggered by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster, the shield plug of the No. 1 reactor slipped out of place and was damaged by a hydrogen explosion that occurred at the reactor building.
As larger amounts of cesium 137 leaked from the No. 1 reactor through the damaged plug, the amount of the radioactive material attached to its shield plug was estimated at 0.16 petabecquerels, considerably lower than for the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors.
In contrast, the shield plugs for the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors remained relatively unscathed, blocking a huge amount of radioactive substances that leaked from their containment vessels from escaping into the atmosphere, according to the NRA.
TEPCO announced Dec. 24 that the removal of nuclear fuel debris will be postponed to 2022 or later, rather than the initially scheduled 2021, due to a delay in the development of equipment to carry out the work.
完整內容請見：
Radiation levels at Fukushima plant far worse than was thought（12/30/2020 The Asahi Shimbun日本朝日新聞）
http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14071742
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Sources:
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a254669.pdf
https://fas.org/nuke/cochran/nuc_01009302a_112b.pdf
http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/pp747/techa_cor.htm
https://serc.berkeley.edu/field-trip-to-the-worlds-most-contaminated-site/
http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/33/011/33011239.pdf
https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/fulltext/S0169-5347(16)00019-7
https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/samira-goetschel/ozersk-city-40-russia_b_9857470.html?guccounter=2
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-worlds-worst-radiation-hotspot-1784502.html
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Channel Description:
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Video Title: How This Lake in Northwest Asia Got Deadlier Than Chernobyl
"Central Russia, 1957. Villagers near the Southern Ural mountains were scared. They were terrified. Men claiming to be from the government had appeared out of nowhere ordering people to leave their homes. Without warning, they started burying crops, and slaughtering their livestock. The villagers were in shock and they were confused. What was going on?..."
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A Japanese High School with a unique concept in Fukushima that is the first of its kind.
Fukushima Futaba Mirai Gakuen (a.k.a Futaba Future High School) opened two years ago near the evacuation zone of the nuclear power plant in Fukushima for the young students living in the area.
Ever since the tsunami, all I have seen and heard on the media is the negative things about Fukushima - I mean I get it, that’s what makes the headlines and catches peoples attention… and I have to admit even for me, before going to Fukushima, I pretty much had a negative connotation when someone brought up the word "Fukushima".
I thought it was a dangerous place to go because of the radiation etc… However, after going this time, I realised that wasn’t the case.
I felt behind all the negative things said in the media, were all these locals trying to get their voices heard by trying to make a movement and help their community become a better place.
So I had to make this video to help them spread the word and show people another side of Fukushima and their kind welcoming locals who are open to share with you their stories.
Thank you to all the students/teachers and locals I met. You guys are an inspiration. Keep on doing what you do!!!!!!
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★DISCOVERY CHANNEL "FUKUSHIMA DIARIES" DOCUMENTARY★
I filmed this video while on a documentary shoot with Discovery Channel, so don't miss their show "Fukushima Diaries" airing on TV throughout Asia or available to watch online after December 10th from this link:
http://josen.env.go.jp/en/movie_publication/fukushima_diaries.html
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