一段對東方人振聾發聵航運界背後的”海運野史”(轉譯自2021/6/25 gCaptain)
作者:John Konrad 船長(gCaptain) 今天是海員節,我想講一個故事,而不是參與我們行業的常規廢話。一個令人震驚的故事,因為它是真實的。
幾十年前,世界第二大煙草公司遇到了一個重大問題。在1969 年,他們明白,當公眾了解到這個致命的秘密時,他們的產品會被淘汰,銷售也會消失。為了解決這個問題,他們購買了 20 世紀最偉大的發明——貨櫃,以及由其發明者馬爾科姆麥克萊恩創立的SeaLand公司。這解決了大型煙草公司的問題,因為它使他們能夠將現金從垂死的行業轉移到快速發展的行業。
到 1980 年代,RJ Reynolds Tobacco遇到了更大的問題。數十億美元的集體訴訟有可能導致其強大的船隊被扣押,海陸集裝箱數量不計其數,其碼頭和物流樞紐網絡也將關閉。它的資產需要法律保護。它需要強有力的保護,因此在 1984 年將公司分拆出來,但仍由大型煙草公司高管負責。出售給哈羅德·西蒙斯和CSX但是,到1999年,香煙造成404750人過早死亡 在美國,$ 157十億每年的醫療費用,以及數百萬全球死亡。SeaLand 剩下的那些從煙草中獲利的大煙草所有者比在大屠殺中遇難的人更多,需要一個瑞士來隱藏他們的黃金,他們需要一個小而強大的歐洲國家來隱藏他們被尼古丁污染的船隻。
最大的煙草”轉進”國家是丹麥,他們委託資產的公司是 AP Møller – Mærsk。
軍工園區
如果我們進一步倒回時鐘……更多的真相就會暴露出來。傳統的說法是 SeaLand 是 Malcolm McLean 的孩子,他是一名卡車司機、發明家和企業家,致力於顛覆一個行業。正如 Mercogliano 博士的著作《第四條防線》所述,事實是,到 1967 年 SeaLand 瀕臨破產,貨櫃運輸注定要失敗,直到與五角大樓達成協議,將武器和致癌化學品運往越南.
當您點擊馬士基網站上的”關於我們”時,您會被告知:“AP Moller – 馬士基擁有一段傳奇的歷史,我們為自己的悠久歷史感到自豪。” 在核心價值觀下,它說:“我們公司建立在開拓性成功和增長的令人印象深刻的傳統之上。我們的悠久傳統和價值觀每天都在指導我們的業務,並確保我們明天可以開展業務。”
向下滾動他們的時間線,您可以大致了解該公司歷史上的每一個重大事件,從它作為 Dampskibsselskabet Svendborg(Steamship Company Svendborg)的誕生到最近的 Maersk Drilling 分拆。提到了幾項合併和收購,但沒有提到公司歷史上的三大事件:馬爾科姆·麥克萊恩的發明、越南戰爭以及它與大煙草公司內部人士達成的交易。
馬士基要對多少尼古丁污漬負責?有多少大煙草高管從此次收購中獲利?馬士基在越南戰爭中留下了多少污點?也許沒有,但很難說他們網站的歷史記錄何時被刪除。
記者將這種審查公關稱為粉飾。
根本沒有提到一個對他們成功至關重要的詞:癌症。
這不僅是馬士基的故事,也是 gCaptain 的故事。在抵達越南凸輪拉恩終端1969年海集裝箱被裝上卡車,並交付給新山一空軍基地西貢我父親工作作為一名醫生。三十年後,就在馬士基和 SeaLand 的高管會面敲定他們職業生涯中最大一筆交易的那天,我的父親因暴露於橙劑而死於癌症。今天他躺在阿靈頓國家公墓,但他並不孤單。由於貨櫃非常有效,美國軍方能夠運送大量這種化學品,超過 300,000 名美國人因暴露於橙劑而死亡,這幾乎是在戰鬥中死亡人數的五倍戰爭期間,數以百萬計的平民被殺或致殘。
從 1967 年到 1973 年,SeaLand每月向越南運送1,200 多個集裝箱,為美國國防部帶來了 4.5 億美元的收入。橙劑裝在這些集裝箱中運輸,MSK的官方歷史始於 1973 年,越南戰爭剛剛結束。
馬士基從未就 SeaLand 在我父親去世中所扮演的角色向我的家人道歉……但這沒關係。我不是辯護者。這篇文章不是關於取消文化的。我不在乎他們的企業道德聲明或喚醒價值觀。我關心海員。我關心真相。他們顯然願意抹去的真相類型。關於海員的真相。
跟隨金錢弗蘭克
關鍵是在這個行業的表面之下流動著資金、政治影響和法律操縱的海底暗流。大多數這些影響都與美國的大企業、軍工複合體以及美國現代軍隊的無聲之手有關。
在越南之前,我國已經解決了當今海員面臨的許多問題。今天,我們慶祝少數港口為海員接種疫苗,但在越南海員訪問美國港口之前,可以在聯邦政府資助的大型海洋醫院無限制地獲得疫苗和免費醫療。我們有自己的醫生、護士、退伍軍人福利、免費的養老院、墓地和資金充足的養老金計劃。
馬拉德仍然很重要,雖然五角大樓取消了大部分這些福利並將美國商船隊推到了一邊,但他們保留了對政策的大部分控制權。許多海員待遇法律仍在製定中,但美國以外的人甚至很少知道MARAD 的存在,儘管來自福布斯等大型媒體組織的壓力,拜登的最佳候選人是(例外)行業未知數。
MARAD 和 IMO 的弱點是因為疏忽還是設計?
二戰後,海上條件很差,但美國(和幾個歐盟船旗國)確實為美國國旗船上的海員待遇樹立了一個很好的榜樣。我們不再樹立一個好榜樣。今天,負責倡導美國海員的政府組織 MARAD 在 IMO 中甚至沒有一個席位。坐在我國席位上的是美國軍官,而領導IMO的最有權勢的人是一位兩星的美國軍旗軍官。
然而,歐洲或亞洲很少有人考慮美國在海洋政治中的揮之不去的作用。美國商船已經死了。瑪拉德無能為力。美國海岸警衛隊資金不足且分散。海軍對航運不感興趣。
航運界認為美國軟弱,但一些最大的方便旗的總部設在美國領土上,與五角大樓簽訂了國防協議,並僱用了無數退休的美國軍官。華爾街和美國對沖基金是當今最大的船舶融資機構。許多大型航運公司(例如嘉年華)都在我們的證券交易所上市。美國海軍是世界上最強大的船東,擁有 2117 億美元的年度預算、兩黨的支持以及北約的國際影響力。
歐盟和亞洲業內人士可以(而且通常確實)忽視美國的航運利益,然後想知道為什麼推動變革如此困難。原因是五角大樓和華爾街的影響力比任何人都想承認的要大,但它們的影響卻是沉默的。
您最後一次在行業會議上註意到美國或北約海軍高級軍官是什麼時候?也許你應該邀請他們?郵輪公司的董事會上有五角大樓的旗官,他們可以輕鬆地談判新規定或獲得數十億美元的緊急疫情融資。他們僱傭美國海軍上將,也許你也應該?
或者,也許您可以通過支持海事記者來幫助揭露整個海底五角大樓的權力和影響力?無論哪種方式對我來說都很好,只是不要繼續無視 MARAD 和華爾街、五角大樓和美國記者,並期待 IMO 或歐盟的結果。
馬士基的政治影響力超乎你的想像
有人說美國的政治制度已經崩潰。也許吧,但是馬士基和其他大公司如何有能力讓當地港口當局花費數十億美元的美國納稅人的錢來籌集資金橋樑、拓寬道路和重建碼頭,以淹沒像紐瓦克這樣絕望的貧困城鎮?澤西島有數千個巨型集裝箱?他們怎麼能通過國會強制納稅人資助的大型基礎設施項目,而拜登總統卻不能?
他們怎麼能強迫世界各地的港口、運河、船旗國和船級社共同花費數千億美元來容納他們的新巨型船舶,但他們無法讓 MARAD 或 IMO 就基本排放標准或海員權利規定達成一致?
馬士基首席執行官上一次訪問 MARAD 或在 IMO 委員會捲起袖子,或派頂級海事記者前往丹麥是什麼時候?如果Søren Skou真的想要就海員權利和排放標準達成共識,他會這樣做。
今天,國際海事組織的“海員日”,世界上每一個航運公司、每一個海事組織、每一個國家都會讚揚海員的工作,並禮貌地要求做更多的工作來改善海上惡劣的條件。當然,他們不會使用“犯罪”這個詞,但會找到一些更溫和的委婉語來描述問題。美好、善良、協作和包容,將成為當今的流行語。垃圾。
海員不需要善良。我們需要真相。
事實是,某些海事、軍事和金融實體確實擁有巨大的政治影響力。他們只是不選擇使用這種影響力來促進海員的擔憂。為什麼?
自殺是無痛的
就在此刻,IMO 或 MARAD 或馬士基發布了他們的海員日聲明,海上的海員將寫下不同類型的筆記。遺書。
This is not an article to point fingers at Maersk. I do not know what lengths they went through to protect the SeaLand legacy from class-action lawsuits. I don’t know what legal liability they have today. Is it possible that pulling SeaLand from the grips of big tobacco was a good thing? I don’t know. Nobody does. Most of the people who made the Maersk/SeaLand deal are retired or dead. Who even cares? Not I. Several of those executives passed away from lung disease. Is that Karma at work?
這篇文章的目的很簡單。沒有調查和宣傳,我們就無法知道真相。為了改善海上條件,我們需要兩件事:確鑿的事實和政治意願。我們不知道 SeaLand/Maersk 交易背後的事實,因為在 1999 年,大型海事媒體利益——Lloyds List、FairPlay 和 Tradewinds——沒有投資於揭露完整故事所需的調查性新聞。
故事很重要,但不幸的是,馬士基、國際海事組織、五角大樓和我們今天的行業講述的故事不是由記者或歷史學家撰寫的,它們通常是由公共關係部門撰寫的。
如果一棵樹倒下
可悲的事實是,每次有公司副總裁更替時,我們的收件箱都會收到大量公告。每次 IMO 召開另一次委員會會議時,Twitter 都會響起我們的電話。每次有水手被強姦或自殺時,我們都會被沉默的嘈雜聲轟炸。
解決方案
解決方案並不便宜,但我們行業在公關和社交媒體活動上花費的數百萬美元也不便宜。解決方案是講述更準確的故事。但是什麼故事最有效呢?講述完整真相的故事。
相關視頻:講故事的力量 | 安德烈吉布斯,TED 演講
我們確實知道其他一些事件背後的事實。
船級社的誕生、普利姆索爾線的發明、SOLAS 的創建、直升機救援游泳者計劃、Gumby 套裝指令和OPA90(僅舉幾個保護海員的進步)都有一個共同點。
大多數人說共同點是生命的損失,他們說今天的安全規定是用過去海員的鮮血寫成的。這不是真的。直到今天,我們幾乎每週都會損失一艘船,甚至很少有人被調查。他們怎麼會考慮到我們收集的VDR 黑匣子錄音不到 30% ?
事件不會導致監管變化。
調查性新聞+行業合作=政治意願=變革
船級社從公眾集會中誕生。載重線是強制性的,因為艦隊街開始調查丟失的船隻,並為塞繆爾·普利姆索爾提供了與議會中強大的船東國會議員對抗所需的所有墨水。SOLAS 不是因為泰坦尼克號沉沒而創建的,而是因為像歐內斯特·海明威這樣的偉大記者追隨金錢並發表了圖片標題。雙殼油輪沒有被強制執行,因為埃克森瓦爾迪茲號撞上了岩石,他們被強制執行是因為Intertanko明白媒體在清理之前不會休息。
我們知道這是真的,因為即使是很小的事故也會對海員的安全產生很大的影響。1980 年,SS Poet 號沉沒,34 名海員在海上失踪。它幾乎沒有被調查,也沒有改變任何法律。然後在 1983 年 2 月 12 日,一艘類似的船Marine Electric因同樣的原因沉沒,但這次費城問詢報給了羅伯特·弗朗普一個完整的調查小組,並花費了數十萬美元研究此案。結果迫使美國海岸警衛隊推動變革。該救生員程序和救生服的任務是問詢努力的直接結果。
馬士基和國際海事組織
了解影響力,報導真相,講述海員的故事是在海上獲得基本人權的關鍵,但馬士基和國際海事組織都不會在新聞業上花錢,因為他們知道在這里花的錢會花在報導的記者身上。真相。整個真相。整個骯髒不舒服的真相。
了解和報導這一事實是海事新聞機構的工作,但這樣做的成本很高。不僅僅是我們。馬士基用於支持 Splash 24/7 的預算不到 0.001%。Tradewinds、Maritime Executive、The Shipping Podcast、FreightWaves、TheLoadstar以及諸如Frank Coles、Rachel Slade、Ally Cedeno和Sal Mercogliano等無數其他媒體都在發布真相。很少有海事新聞機構有資金深入調查這些問題。請問有多少人被邀請到 IMO 談論他們的發現?
你知道誰花錢支持海事新聞嗎?五角大樓。他們知道權力和影響力的秘密。
如果我們想幫助海員,我們不能依賴 MARAD、IMO 或馬士基。我們必須推動他們說真話,支持願意支持行業本身和希望獲得基本人權的海員的記者。我們需要馬士基停止抹殺歷史並開始投資航運業的第四產業。
同時也有41部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅一二三渡辺,也在其Youtube影片中提到,スズキ・GSX-R(ジーエスエックス-アール)とは、スズキが製造しているオートバイのシリーズ車種である。 GSX-R250・GSX-R250R・GSX250Sコブラ GSX-R250は、400(1984年)、750(1985年)、1100(1986年)と1年ごとに展開して来たGSX-Rシリー...
class of 1984 在 หนังโปรดของข้าพเจ้า Facebook 的最讚貼文
== Top 250 หนังโปรดตลอดกาลของข้าพเจ้า ==
หลายคนอาจยังไม่เคยรู้ว่าที่มาของเพจคือมาจากการตั้งกระทู้ Top 250 หนังโปรดในพันทิป แล้วค่อยมาสร้างเพจไว้เก็บโพสต์ถึงหนัง แต่ช่วงหลัง ๆ ไม่ได้อัพเดทอันดับหนังในดวงใจ วันนี้เลยถือโอกาสอัพเดทสักเล็กน้อย ซึ่งอันดับต้น ๆ จะเรียงลำดับอยู่ แต่อันดับหลังกลางถึงหลังไม่ได้เรียงลำดับแบบมีนัยยะมากนัก ลองไล่ดูกันได้เลยครับ อาจมีตกหล่นไว้อัพเดทใหม่อีกรอบครับ
1 | The Dark Knight (2008)
2 | The Godfather (1972)
3 | Schindler's List (1993)
4 | Vertigo (1958)
5 | 12 Angry Men (1957)
6 | L.A. Confidential (1997)
7 | Casablanca (1942)
8 | Seven Samurai (1954)
9 | The Shawshank Redemption (1994)
10 | Chinatown (1974)
11 | Rebecca (1940)
12 | M (1931)
13 | Rear Window (1954)
14 | To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
15 | The Sting (1973)
16 | Sunset Blvd. (1950)
17 | Les diaboliques (1955)
18 | The Cameraman (1928)
19 | On the Waterfront (1954)
20 | Casino Royale (2006)
21 | Harakiri (1962)
22 | Rashomon (1950)
23 | Ace in the Hole (1951)
24 | A Separation (2011)
25 | The Apartment (1960)
26 | Rififi (1955)
27 | In the Mood for Love (2000)
28 | The General (1926)
29 | High and Low (1963)
30 | Paths of Glory (1957)
31 | North by Northwest (1959)
32 | Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019)
33 | Once Upon a Time in America (1984)
34 | All About Eve (1950)
35 | Amadeus (1984)
36 | Double Indemnity (1944)
37 | The Godfather: Part II (1974)
38 | Witness for the Prosecution (1957)
39 | The Social Network (2010)
40 | Metropolis (1927)
41 | Laura (1944)
42 | The Lost Weekend (1945)
43 | The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
44 | Das Boot (1981)
45 | Some Like It Hot (1959)
46 | Anatomy of a Murder (1959)
47 | Dial M for Murder (1954)
48 | Psycho (1960)
49 | High Noon (1952)
50 | Blade Runner (1982)
51 | Heat (1995)
52 | The Matrix (1999)
53 | Tokyo Story (1953)
54 | Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
55 | Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
56 | The Lives of Others (2006)
57 | Patton (1970)
58 | 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
59 | Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
60 | The Battle of Algiers (1966)
61 | Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
62 | Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948)
63 | Night Train to Munich (1940)
64 | The French Connection (1971)
65 | Chicago (2002)
66 | The Departed (2006)
67 | Spione (1928)
68 | Touch of Evil (1958)
69 | Jaws (1975)
70 | Parasite (2019)
71 | Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
72 | King Kong (1933)
73 | La La Land (2016)
74 | The Triplets of Belleville (2003)
75 | One Cut of the Dead (2017)
76 | Inside Out (2015)
77 | Singin' in the Rain (1952)
78 | The Killing (1956)
79 | Steve Jobs (2015)
80 | Rio Bravo (1959)
81 | Perfect Blue (1997)
82 | Million Dollar Baby (2004)
83 | White Heat (1949)
84 | West Side Story (1961)
85 | Amy (2015)
86 | Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
87 | Red River (1948)
88 | Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
89 | The Great Escape (1963)
90 | The Maltese Falcon (1941)
91 | The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)
92 | Ben-Hur (1959)
93 | Gladiator (2000)
94 | The Bad Sleep Well (1960)
95 | Birdman (2014)
96 | The Hustler (1961)
97 | Mother (2009)
98 | Munich (2005)
99 | Mildred Pierce (1945)
100 | Frost/Nixon (2008)
101 | Papurika (2006)
102 | Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
103 | Predator (1987)
104 | Stalag 17 (1953)
105 | Drive (2011)
106 | The Hurt Locker (2008)
107 | Bicycle Thieves (1948)
108 | Se7en (1995)
109 | The Sixth Sense (1999)
110 | The Big Heat (1953)
111 | Two Days, One Night (2014)
112 | American Beauty (1999)
113 | A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
114 | Arrival (2016)
115 | In Cold Blood (1967)
116 | The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
117 | The Third Man (1949)
118 | The Prestige (2006)
119 | Twelve Monkeys (1995)
120 | Tomorrow I Will Date With Yesterday's You (2016)
121 | The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
122 | Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
123 | It Happened One Night (1934)
124 | Planet of the Apes (1968)
125 | Dog Day Afternoon (1975)
126 | Shane (1953)
127 | Leaving Las Vegas (1995)
128 | Brute Force (1947)
129 | The Usual Suspects (1995)
130 | Unforgiven (1992)
131 | Nightcrawler (2014)
132 | Jurassic Park (1993)
133 | Goodfellas (1990)
134 | The Player (1992)
135 | From Russia with Love (1963)
136 | Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
137 | It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
138 | The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
139 | Clueless (1995)
140 | Blue Valentine (2010)
141 | Shakespeare in Love (1998)
142 | Raise the Red Lantern (1991)
143 | House of Flying Daggers (2004)
144 | City of Life and Death (2009)
145 | And Then There Were None (1945)
146 | Blancanieves (2012)
147 | Take Shelter (2011)
148 | The Bridges of Madison County (1995)
149 | Her (2013)
150 | Inception (2010)
151 | The Spiral Staircase (1946)
152 | Godzilla (1954)
153 | Children of Men (2006)
154 | The Artist (2011)
155 | Watchmen (2009)
156 | Charade (1963)
157 | The Fall (2006)
158 | 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007)
159 | Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
160 | Saving Private Ryan (1998)
161 | The Fugitive (1993)
162 | Memento (2000)
163 | Up in the Air (2009)
164 | Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
165 | United 93 (2006)
166 | Foreign Correspondent (1940)
167 | The Queen (2006)
168 | Out of the Past (1947)
169 | The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
170 | The Ides of March (2011)
171 | The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)
172 | Avengers: Endgame (2019)
173 | X-Men: First Class (2011)
174 | Captain America: Civil War (2016)
175 | Match Point (2005)
176 | Inglourious Basterds (2009)
177 | City of God (2002)
178 | Atonement (2007)
179 | Little Miss Sunshine (2006)
180 | The Wages of Fear (1953)
181 | JFK (1991)
182 | Paper Moon (1973)
183 | Ikiru (1952)
184 | There Will Be Blood (2007)
185 | The Descendants (2011)
186 | Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
187 | Taxi Driver (1976)
188 | Capote (2005)
189 | The Hidden Fortress (1958)
190 | Wait Until Dark (1967)
191 | Superman (1978)
192 | Midnight in Paris (2011)
193 | Full Metal Jacket (1987)
194 | Gone with the Wind (1939)
195 | The Man Who Would Be King (1975)
196 | Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
197 | Night and the City (1950)
198 | The Remains of the Day (1993)
199 | Sansho the Bailiff (1954)
200 | Uncut Gems (2019)
201 | Good Night, and Good Luck. (2005)
202 | Apocalypse Now (1979)
203 | The Conversation (1974)
204 | Le Trou (1960)
205 | 1917 (2019)
206 | The Handmaiden (2016)
207 | The Twilight Samurai (2002)
208 | Black Swan (2010)
209 | Phoenix (2014)
210 | Strange Days (1995)
211 | The Incredibles (2004)
212 | WALL-E (2008)
213 | Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
214 | Toy Story (1995)
215 | Ex Machina (2014)
216 | Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)
217 | Solaris (1972)
218 | City Lights (1931)
219 | Andhadhun (2018)
220 | The Window (1949)
221 | Russian Ark (2002)
222 | Gaslight (1944)
223 | Eyes Without a Face (1960)
224 | The Favourite (2018)
225 | Shutter Island (2010)
226 | The Truman Show (1998)
227 | Before Sunrise (1995)
228 | Architecture 101 (2012)
229 | Minority Report (2002)
230 | Scream (1996)
231 | A Hard Day (2014)
232 | What We Do in the Shadows (2014)
233 | Melancholia (2011)
234 | The Birds (1963)
235 | 300 (2006)
236 | Cabaret (1972)
237 | Shadow (2018)
238 | The Hunt (2012)
239 | Safety Last! (1923)
240 | The Stranger (1946)
241 | Memories of Murder (2003)
242 | The Day of the Jackal (1973)
243 | The Princess Bride (1987)
244 | Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)
245 | Roman Holiday (1953)
246 | Justice League: Gods and Monsters (2015)
247 | A Fantastic Woman (2017)
248 | The Rocketeer (1991)
249 | The Constant Gardener (2005)
250 | My Sassy Girl (2001)
#หนังโปรดของข้าพเจ้า
class of 1984 在 SABAH, Malaysian Borneo Facebook 的精選貼文
That glow on Kota Kinabalu never ceases to amaze us.
If you have not heard about it, Kota Kinabalu is one of the top locations to see world-class beautiful sunsets. Witness it with your own eyes and you will run out of words to describe how beautiful the view is.
📷 IG: @achok_photo
📍 Kota Kinabalu
#sabah #borneo #malaysia #tourism #photooftheday #nature #fun #photography #beautiful #enchantingsabah #travellater #traveltomorrow #sunset
class of 1984 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
スズキ・GSX-R(ジーエスエックス-アール)とは、スズキが製造しているオートバイのシリーズ車種である。
GSX-R250・GSX-R250R・GSX250Sコブラ
GSX-R250は、400(1984年)、750(1985年)、1100(1986年)と1年ごとに展開して来たGSX-Rシリーズの末弟として1987年3 月に発売された。新たに開発された水冷4気筒DOHC4バルブエンジンは、SPECと呼ばれるヨシムラデュープレックスサイクロンのOEMエグゾーストパイプを採用し、当時の馬力自主規制値である最高出力45psを14500rpmで発生し、丸目二灯というGSX-R伝統のカウリング(ハーフカウル仕様も存在した)を纏い、スチール製のツインスパーフレームを採用していた。当時盛んであったSP-Fレースを念頭にクロスミッションを採用したGSX- R250SPも1988年に登場した。
1989年2 月には、大径フロントディスク、アルミツインスパーフレーム、4連スリングショットキャブ(GSX-R250は2バレルキャブレター)、補強入りスイングアーム、前後ラジアルタイヤ(リアは18インチ)を採用したGSX-R250Rと呼ばれるモデルが登場し、GSX-R250と併売されるようになった。このGSX-R250RにもSP-Fレースを念頭に置いたGSX-R250RSP(シングルシートカウル、クロスミッション、調整式前後サスペンションを搭載)と呼ばれるモデルが存在した。
250ccクラスのレーサーレプリカモデルでは2ストローク車の人気が高かった事に加え、シリーズ中では比較的発売時期が遅く、いわゆるバイクブームの終焉とも重なり、GSX-R250、GSX-R250Rとも一度もフルモデルチェンジを受ける事無く販売が終了したが、GSX-R250のエンジンは後に発売となったアクロスの、GSX-R250Rのエンジンは後に発売となったバンディット250やカタナ250のベースエンジンとして、それぞれ利用された。
なお、GSX-R250Rの一部外装を取り外したコブラ(COBRA)というネイキッド車も廉価版の位置付けで1989年9月より販売されていた
GSX-R250 / GSX-R250R / a GSX250S cobra
GSX-R250 was released as a pupil at the lowest rank of the GSX-R series that unfolded every 400 (1984), 750 (1985), 1,100 (1986) and one year in March, 1987. I adopted an OEM exhaust pipe of the Yoshimura dupe Rex cyclone to be called SPEC, and four water-cooled cylinder DOHC4 valve engines developed newly occurred in 14500rpm in best output 45ps which was then horsepower self-imposed restraint value and wore a cowling (there were the half cowl specifications) of the GSX-R tradition called two circle eyes lights and adopted a steel twin spar frame. GSX- R250SP which adopted a cross mission appeared in the mind in a prosperous SP-F race in those days in 1988.
In February, 1989, a model called GSX-R250R which adopted large diameter front desk disk, Mitsu Al in spar frame, four consecutive slingshot cabs (GSX-R250, 2 barrel carburetor), entering reinforcement swing arm, front and back radial (the rear, 18 inches) appeared, and it came to be done GSX-R250 and 併売. There was a model called GSX-R250RSP (equipped with single seat cowl, cross mission, adjustment-style front and back suspension) which took a SP-F race into consideration in this GSX-R250R.
The release time was comparatively late and was piled up with the end of so-called motorcycle boom of the series, and sale was finished without GSX-R250, never receiving full model changeover with GSX-R250R, but, as well as the popularity of two stroke cars having been high in the racer replica model of the 250cc class, as for the engine of GSX-R250, the release and the engine of GSX-R250R of the across that it was it were used as release and bandit 250 that it was it and a base engine of sword 250 each later later.
In addition, the Ney kid car called the cobra (COBRA) which removed decoration partly of GSX-R250R was sold by the positioning of the cheap edition from September, 1989
class of 1984 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳貼文
うちのお店のお客さんのバイク
http://www.sakai-tcb.or.jp/feature/f08.html
CBR400F (Shebearl Ef) is a motorcycle that Honda Motor Co., Ltd. manufactured and was selling from 1983 to 1985.
Outline
The industry was receiving an unprecedented motorcycle boom the 1980's. It restyled to oppose the rival power of each company in only two years after it had put it on the market, and CBR400F was put on the market though HONDA had CBX400F in fierce battle district 400cc class. It is a model that is popular among the hot-rodder who queues up with CBX400F and the HAWK system and is HONDA now.
One type
CBR400F is one put on the market on December 20, 1983. Four DOHC4 valve of air cooling four cycles series cylinder engine that adopted rotational speed response type valve stop mechanism "REV" that changed from two valves into four valves on the boundary of 8500 rpm generated highest sale this time max power of 58ps/12,300rpm in the class and the max torque of 3.6kg-m/11,000rpm.
The body equips a double Cradle frame of the corner section pipe with NS Comustarhoel of 16 inches in the reception desk and 18 inches in rear. The brake became a general outer board from the Inn board disk, and was made the first piece one triple disk. Moreover, the chassis of the adoption of the adoption of the dual piston caliper and TRAC (brake torque response type anti diving mechanism) that had become compacter etc. was greatly strengthened from the former model. Moreover, the rectangular headlight under was equipped with large-scale oil cooler, and it became a feature on the externals side.
Two from which CBR400F Endurans was put on the market on May 31, 1984. It is a model by whom a half fair ring, under a caul, and two light type halogen headlight are added. Three that is put 4000 limited special editions on the market in July of equipping Endurans with full fair ring, and was called alias "F-3" from Cowling's character in addition.
Two types
CBR400F and CBR400F Endurans did the minor change, and became two types on August 31, 1985. The set made of the stainless steel tube muffler was newly adopted, lightening of the body each part was equipped at the same time, and it equipped it with the swing made of measurement aluminum arm and the spoke Cast made of aluminum three wheel. The exterior also abolished under a caul and it became a refreshing impression. Moreover, it is four from this model from which CBR400F formula 3 that installs the standard is added as for an expression single seat and an integral duralumin forge backing rear caul step.
It wiped, it did not cut, it was drunk by the wave of making to water-cooled, and handicap on the weight side transferred the road to CBR400R of the succession in July, 1986 though CBR400F had the performance not to be inferior of the water-cooled power of each company as super-air cooling sports at the HONDA end.
class of 1984 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的精選貼文
うちのお店のお客さんのバイク
http://www.sakai-tcb.or.jp/feature/f08.html
CBR400F (Shebearl Ef) is a motorcycle that Honda Motor Co., Ltd. manufactured and was selling from 1983 to 1985.
Outline
The industry was receiving an unprecedented motorcycle boom the 1980's. It restyled to oppose the rival power of each company in only two years after it had put it on the market, and CBR400F was put on the market though HONDA had CBX400F in fierce battle district 400cc class. It is a model that is popular among the hot-rodder who queues up with CBX400F and the HAWK system and is HONDA now.
One type
CBR400F is one put on the market on December 20, 1983. Four DOHC4 valve of air cooling four cycles series cylinder engine that adopted rotational speed response type valve stop mechanism "REV" that changed from two valves into four valves on the boundary of 8500 rpm generated highest sale this time max power of 58ps/12,300rpm in the class and the max torque of 3.6kg-m/11,000rpm.
The body equips a double Cradle frame of the corner section pipe with NS Comustarhoel of 16 inches in the reception desk and 18 inches in rear. The brake became a general outer board from the Inn board disk, and was made the first piece one triple disk. Moreover, the chassis of the adoption of the adoption of the dual piston caliper and TRAC (brake torque response type anti diving mechanism) that had become compacter etc. was greatly strengthened from the former model. Moreover, the rectangular headlight under was equipped with large-scale oil cooler, and it became a feature on the externals side.
Two from which CBR400F Endurans was put on the market on May 31, 1984. It is a model by whom a half fair ring, under a caul, and two light type halogen headlight are added. Three that is put 4000 limited special editions on the market in July of equipping Endurans with full fair ring, and was called alias "F-3" from Cowling's character in addition.
Two types
CBR400F and CBR400F Endurans did the minor change, and became two types on August 31, 1985. The set made of the stainless steel tube muffler was newly adopted, lightening of the body each part was equipped at the same time, and it equipped it with the swing made of measurement aluminum arm and the spoke Cast made of aluminum three wheel. The exterior also abolished under a caul and it became a refreshing impression. Moreover, it is four from this model from which CBR400F formula 3 that installs the standard is added as for an expression single seat and an integral duralumin forge backing rear caul step.
It wiped, it did not cut, it was drunk by the wave of making to water-cooled, and handicap on the weight side transferred the road to CBR400R of the succession in July, 1986 though CBR400F had the performance not to be inferior of the water-cooled power of each company as super-air cooling sports at the HONDA end.