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Đề Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 2 - passage 2:
BACK TO THE FUTURE OF SKYSCRAPER DESIGN
Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries
A. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'
B. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.
C. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.
D. Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens• in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.
E. 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour-that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
F. Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.
G. Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens. 'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H. Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.
I. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
“My book is a recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. The Department of Health says new hospitals should be naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.”
TỪ VỰNG CHÚ Ý:
Excessive (adj)/ɪkˈsesɪv/: quá mức
Skyscraper (n)/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/: nhà trọc trời
Ingenious (adj)/ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/: khéo léo
Culmination (n) /ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn/: điểm cao nhất
Crisis (n)/ˈkraɪsɪs/: khủng hoảng
Gadget (n)/ˈɡædʒɪt/: công cụ
Squander (v)/ˈskwɒndə(r)/: lãng phí
Reliance (n)/rɪˈlaɪəns/: sự tín nhiệm
Vast (adj)/vɑːst/: rộng lớn
Accommodate (v)/əˈkɒmədeɪt/: cung cấp
Ventilation (n)/ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/: sự thông gió
Habitable (adj)/ˈhæbɪtəbl/: có thể ở được
Spectacular (adj)/spekˈtækjələ(r)/: ngoạn mục, đẹp mắt
Account for /əˈkaʊnt//fə(r)/ : chiếm
Substantial (adj)/səbˈstænʃl/: đáng kể
Frightening (adj)/ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/: kinh khủng
Sophisticated (adj)/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/: phức tạp
Pathogen (n)/ˈpæθədʒən/: mầm bệnh
Tuberculosis (n)/tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/: bệnh lao
Communal (adj)/kəˈmjuːnl/: công cộng
Dementia (n)/dɪˈmenʃə/: chứng mất trí
Fraction (n)/ˈfrækʃn/: phần nhỏ
Lament (v)/ləˈment/: xót xa
Panicked (adj): hoảng loạn
Lethal (adj)/ˈliːθl/: gây chết người
Threat (n)/θret/: mối nguy
Miasmas (n)/miˈæzmə/: khí độc
Infection (n) /ɪnˈfekt/: sự nhiễm trùng
Cholera (n)/ˈkɒl.ər.ə/: dịch tả
Outbreak (n)/ˈaʊt.breɪk/: sự bùng nổ
Disprove (v)/dɪˈspruːv/: bác bỏ
Advocate (v)/ˈæd.və.keɪt/: ủng hộ
Auditoria (n)/ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə/ : thính phòng
Comparable (adj)/ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bəl/: có thể so sánh được
Contend (v) /kənˈtend/: cho rằng
Liability (n)/ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/: nghĩa vụ pháp lý
Convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/: Thuyết phục
Assist (v) /əˈsɪst/: để giúp đỡ
Các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過12萬的網紅Happy Kongner,也在其Youtube影片中提到,〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️ 【壹屋兩餐社區廚房計劃】FOOD HOUSE Commune Kitchen 餐單每周五更新,每次有效期為7日,每周可訂最多12個飯盒。 ? 訂餐攻略:https://bit.ly/3fifxGZ ? 訂餐平台:https://foodhouse.boutir.com 〰️...
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b of a global research 在 藥學人生 - Pharmalife Facebook 的最佳貼文
一同響應陳建仁副總統與中研院院士前輩們為中華民國、為台灣、為學術良知發聲:
陳副臉書全文連結:https://tinyurl.com/y5vmj8y3
林煜軒醫師整理的好讀易懂「圖文懶人包」 :https://tinyurl.com/y3u5x5lp
這個議題,值得臺灣醫療界、科學界的你我,一起來關心!
━━━━
要求《The Lancet》立即更正錯誤,共同捍衛台灣主權與學術尊嚴
世界頂尖學術期刊《The Lancet》(刺胳針)於6月25日刊登一篇中國的醫學研究,由於該研究將台灣納為中國的一省,嚴重矮化台灣的國際地位,除引發數千網友在其臉書上留言抗議並要求更正外,衛福部也將正式行文給《The Lancet》抗議,說明「台灣是台灣、中國是中國」。
雖然《The Lancet》回應表示,這是根據聯合國(UN)和世界衛生組織(WHO)的方針,才將台灣列為中國一省,和其它的國際衛生分析沒有不同。但必須嚴正指出的是,除了政治上的錯誤之外,正因為台灣和中國為各自獨立的兩個不同國家,有各自獨立不同的行政、健保體系,在健保相關資料的完整性與正確性上,台灣與中國更是有許多差異,因此,這篇研究將不同方法所蒐集的健康資料放在同一個層級的模型來作研究,不但產生許多方法學上與研究結果的偏差,更已犯了學術研究的大忌,我們認為頂尖的《The Lancet》期刊不應該犯這樣的錯誤才對。
因此,我和中央研究院陳定信院士、廖運範院士、楊泮池院士等人,特別聯名致函《The Lancet》編輯部,要求該期刊立即更正錯誤,因為,這不只關係到台灣的主權尊嚴,更關係著國際學術研究的專業與倫理。
我也要在此呼籲所有關心這個事件的國人同胞,踴躍到 《The Lancet》的臉書粉絲專業表答您的意見,
https://www.facebook.com/374651963469/posts/10157661625328470/?substory_index=0
以下是致函《The Lancet》編輯部全文:
To the Editor:
We read the recent article by Zhou et al. comparing mortality, morbidity and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017. The authors used data from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to analyse health patterns in 34 province-level administrative units in China. This is a misleading and biased report due to the inclusion of Taiwan in the analyses.
The authors made an obvious flaw by including Taiwan in the study. The national health system, government system and administrative system are independent in Taiwan. The completeness and accuracy of national databases of health insurance, cancer registry, death certification, cancer screening and health surveillance in Taiwan is totally different from those of China. The health outcomes measured by different methods should not be included in the same hierarchical models. Taiwan has its own cancer and death registration system, and the information were not collected by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as described wrongly in the article. The data source from the Global Health Data Exchange (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/countries) that the authors used in this paper also clearly showed Taiwan and China are two distinguished countries under the category of Eastern Asia.
Taiwan has an independent National Health Insurance system which covers more than 95% of 23 million people since 1995. Taiwan has also implemented a series of public health programs to reduce mortality and morbidity which are not implemented in China. For example, Taiwan is the first country in the world to implement universal newborn hepatitis B vaccination program since 1984 whereas China started in 1992. We reimbursed antiviral treatment for chronic viral hepatitis since 2003 and decreased liver disease burdens continuously. Taiwan started to reimburse direct antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C patients with advance fibrosis since 2017 and for all chronic hepatitis C patients since 2019, and has committed to eliminating hepatitis C infection in 2025, 5 years earlier than the 2030 deadline set by WHO.
The inclusion of Taiwan in the analysis leads definitely to a significant bias of the findings of Zhou et al. In their similar publication in 2016 (Lancet 387:251-272), Taiwan was not included in the analyses. We would like to urge the authors to re-run the analyses and remove Taiwan from their analyses in order to yield unbiased estimates of mortality, morbidity and risk factors in China. Lancet, as an esteemed medical journal, has the reputation to publish accurate and precise research findings. Such a major categorization mistake in the methods section by Zhou et al. should be rectified.
Maggie Dai-Hua TSAI RIEDIKER
Mei-Hsuan LEE
Ding-Sing CHEN
Yun-Fan LIAW
Pan-Chyr YANG
Yi-Hao HUANG
Chien-Jen CHEN
b of a global research 在 陳建仁 Chen Chien-Jen Facebook 的最讚貼文
要求《The Lancet》立即更正錯誤,共同捍衛台灣主權與學術尊嚴
世界頂尖學術期刊《The Lancet》(刺胳針)於6月25日刊登一篇中國的醫學研究,由於該研究將台灣納為中國的一省,嚴重矮化台灣的國際地位,除引發數千網友在其臉書上留言抗議並要求更正外,衛福部也將正式行文給《The Lancet》抗議,說明「台灣是台灣、中國是中國」。
雖然《The Lancet》回應表示,這是根據聯合國(UN)和世界衛生組織(WHO)的方針,才將台灣列為中國一省,和其它的國際衛生分析沒有不同。但必須嚴正指出的是,除了政治上的錯誤之外,正因為台灣和中國為各自獨立的兩個不同國家,有各自獨立不同的行政、健保體系,在健保相關資料的完整性與正確性上,台灣與中國更是有許多差異,因此,這篇研究將不同方法所蒐集的健康資料放在同一個層級的模型來作研究,不但產生許多方法學上與研究結果的偏差,更已犯了學術研究的大忌,我們認為頂尖的《The Lancet》期刊不應該犯這樣的錯誤才對。
因此,我和中央研究院陳定信院士、廖運範院士、楊泮池院士等人,特別聯名致函《The Lancet》編輯部,要求該期刊立即更正錯誤,因為,這不只關係到台灣的主權尊嚴,更關係著國際學術研究的專業與倫理。
我也要在此呼籲所有關心這個事件的國人同胞,踴躍到 《The Lancet》的臉書粉絲專業表答您的意見,
https://www.facebook.com/374651963469/posts/10157661625328470/?substory_index=0
以下是致函《The Lancet》編輯部全文:
To the Editor:
We read the recent article by Zhou et al. comparing mortality, morbidity and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017. The authors used data from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to analyse health patterns in 34 province-level administrative units in China. This is a misleading and biased report due to the inclusion of Taiwan in the analyses.
The authors made an obvious flaw by including Taiwan in the study. The national health system, government system and administrative system are independent in Taiwan. The completeness and accuracy of national databases of health insurance, cancer registry, death certification, cancer screening and health surveillance in Taiwan is totally different from those of China. The health outcomes measured by different methods should not be included in the same hierarchical models. Taiwan has its own cancer and death registration system, and the information were not collected by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as described wrongly in the article. The data source from the Global Health Data Exchange (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/countries) that the authors used in this paper also clearly showed Taiwan and China are two distinguished countries under the category of Eastern Asia.
Taiwan has an independent National Health Insurance system which covers more than 95% of 23 million people since 1995. Taiwan has also implemented a series of public health programs to reduce mortality and morbidity which are not implemented in China. For example, Taiwan is the first country in the world to implement universal newborn hepatitis B vaccination program since 1984 whereas China started in 1992. We reimbursed antiviral treatment for chronic viral hepatitis since 2003 and decreased liver disease burdens continuously. Taiwan started to reimburse direct antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C patients with advance fibrosis since 2017 and for all chronic hepatitis C patients since 2019, and has committed to eliminating hepatitis C infection in 2025, 5 years earlier than the 2030 deadline set by WHO.
The inclusion of Taiwan in the analysis leads definitely to a significant bias of the findings of Zhou et al. In their similar publication in 2016 (Lancet 387:251-272), Taiwan was not included in the analyses. We would like to urge the authors to re-run the analyses and remove Taiwan from their analyses in order to yield unbiased estimates of mortality, morbidity and risk factors in China. Lancet, as an esteemed medical journal, has the reputation to publish accurate and precise research findings. Such a major categorization mistake in the methods section by Zhou et al. should be rectified.
Maggie Dai-Hua TSAI RIEDIKER
Mei-Hsuan LEE
Ding-Sing CHEN
Yun-Fan LIAW
Pan-Chyr YANG
Yi-Hao HUANG
Chien-Jen CHEN
b of a global research 在 Happy Kongner Youtube 的最佳貼文
〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️
【壹屋兩餐社區廚房計劃】FOOD HOUSE Commune Kitchen
餐單每周五更新,每次有效期為7日,每周可訂最多12個飯盒。
? 訂餐攻略:https://bit.ly/3fifxGZ
? 訂餐平台:https://foodhouse.boutir.com
〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️
?荃灣區
取飯點:Book B @bookbhk
荃灣白田壩街45號南豐紗廠六廠1樓111號鋪
開餐伙伴:Danny’s Catering, The 5B Private Kitchen, 新生精神康復會
荃灣開餐登記 ?? https://bit.ly/3fOPk3A
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?觀塘區
取飯點:Paragon Oasis @paragoninasia
觀塘鴻圖道62號鴻懋工業大廈6樓全層
開餐伙伴:Sujata Cafe, P&D Global Limited
觀塘開餐登記 ?? https://bit.ly/3iP84RI
〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️
你係咪受影響人士?https://bit.ly/2WspwT1
? 捐助支持:https://www.collaction.hk/s/Foodhouse
?? 分享支持:https://bit.ly/31TjNbW
〰️〰️〰️〰️〰️
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