(✪‿✪)ノ排程中晝發文 #國際法法理建國Q&A
Q43&44是同一位網友發文,所以一起發~
Q43:那麼,日本是美國託管,但日本是由日本人在管理。台灣卻不是由台灣人自己管理而是由託管者中華民國管理,這是不對的。我可以這樣說嗎?
A43:
無論是日本本土還是台澎,所有佔領軍全都是依照《一般命令第一號》在全體盟軍成員授權下實施佔領代管。
日本當地除了美國之外,還有大英國協佔領軍(英國澳洲印度紐西蘭聯合佔領軍)來進行佔領。
台澎領土這邊就是派ROC來佔領。
不是用託管一詞,我們用「代管」這個詞比較不會跟聯合國託管制度搞混~
(聯合國託管制度是在1945.10.24成立聯合國後才開始運用的制度;對台澎的佔領代管是依據1945.9.2發佈的《一般命令第一號》來進行。)
日本無條件投降後簽署《降伏文書》,同一天 盟軍總部發佈《一般指令第一號》及其附件《一般命令第一號》( 英文版跟日文版),讓日本政府向國民發布
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000097066.pdf
👉🏻那接受投降之後呢?接下來會有一件事情就是要進行佔領。
在國際法上一個戰爭要正式結束,交戰雙方他們會簽訂一個和平條約,這和平條約裡面會寫清楚這個戰爭到底最後要怎麼樣去處理,那在從投降到簽署條約這一段期間,你必須要維持相關地區的一個安定、穩定。
如果說你今天戰勝方他沒有辦法去控制這個戰敗方的領土的話,那戰敗方在他的領土裡面,如果還是有人想要再出來繼續滋事,就是繼續要再開戰,那這戰爭是不會結束的。
「盟總時期」詳細說明這邊有:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC
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Q44: Ok, 所以美國代管日本,但由日本人管理,美國人代管南韓,由南韓人管理,台灣由中華民國代管,卻不是由台灣人管理,這說不過去,對吧?
A44:
👉🏻美國跟大英國協佔領軍到日本本國領土作軍事佔領,用意就是投降停戰到簽訂和平條約之前,軍事佔領控制日本。
//1945.9.2盟軍於日本正式成立了盟軍總部。//
我們來看《舊金山和約》上對「軍事佔領」的處置,第 6 條:“(a) All occupation forces of the Allied Powers shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as possible after the coming into force of the present Treaty, and in any case not later than 90 days thereafter. Nothing in this provision shall, however, prevent the stationing or retention of foreign armed forces in Japanese territory under or in consequence of any bilateral or multilateral agreements which have been or may be made between one or more of the Allied Powers, on the one hand, and Japan on the other. “
第6條【佔領結束】(a).自本條約生效之後,所有盟國佔領軍應儘速自日本撤出,此項撤軍不得晚於本條約生效後 90 日。若日本與盟國締結有關外國軍隊駐紮或保有於日本領土之雙邊或多邊協定者,不受本條規定所限。
//《舊金山和約》只有提到對日本(這指和約生效後的日本,範圍不包括日本依和約放棄的領土台澎)的佔領在和約生效後 90 天內必須結束。//
《舊金山和約》1952.4.28生效,對「日」佔領依第六條結束後,美國的主要佔領國身分就失去意義了。
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👉🏻中華民國政權1945.10.25為了執行盟軍佔領所成立的「行政長官公署」,在法律的性質上,與1945.9.2盟軍於日本正式成立的盟軍總部相同,都是盟軍佔領機構,即使名稱中被刻意加上「台灣省」(台灣省行政長官公署)。
台澎是戰敗國日本領土,台澎人是戰敗國人民,沒有討價還價的資格。如果日籍台澎人反抗,反而會違背《降伏文書》的停戰協議。
而中華民國政權開始佔領代管台澎後也就在台澎辦選舉了,1951.2.1第一任中華民國政權治下民選臺北市長就職,但在《舊金山和約》1952.4.28生效以前台澎人是日籍,這個舉辦的選舉,只是代管機構幫日籍台澎人做的,並不會因為代管機構體制內的選舉而產生領土轉移的效力,更不會讓日籍台澎人變成中國籍。
中華民國有合法治理權,只是中華民國主張在1945.10.25「光復」台灣,這個騙局不對,明明沒有台澎主權卻主張台灣是中國的一省。
又因為《舊金山和約》1952.4.28日本放棄對台澎的一切權利,且和約內對台澎的處置是歸屬未定,在領土主權歸屬確定前,這個「暫時軍事佔領代管」就會一直延續下去喔!
再來盟軍授予中華民國政權治理台澎的權限,至今仍然有效,可參考英國 1955 年內閣文件 CAB 129/73/38的翻譯說明,https://www.facebook.com/rotpnetwork/photos/a.802796716480053/912347392191651/?type=3
(英國這份文件非常有價值,原因在於英國1950年就承認中華人民共和國政權是中國代表政府,但仍認為中華民國政權有繼續依據盟軍先前安排管理台澎的權限,因為中華民國政權是盟軍代表身份而非中國代表身份來台代管。)
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👉🏻朝鮮事情可以先看這一篇 Q&A30:https://reurl.cc/Q7WMp9
南北朝鮮 於1945年盟軍代表開始佔領,1948 年美蘇才分別在佔領區成立地方政權,讓韓國人能夠掌管當地事務。而且《舊金山和約》明確說了「承認朝鮮回復獨立國家」,因為朝鮮本來就是獨立國家,只是大韓帝國被日本逼迫簽署兼併領土時,國家法人格中斷,因此美蘇佔領期間,要幫助朝鮮回復國家法人格。
但蘇聯沒有按盟軍指令任務,自行扶植共產勢力;而美國有好好完成代管任務協助建立大韓民國國家法人格,主張整個朝鮮半島領土主權。
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👉🏻「法屬印度支那」的部分(現今越南)的例子無法套用到台澎,根本原因在於越南原本就是是戰勝國法國的領土,中華民國政權本來就不能久佔,在當地日軍遣返得差不多之後就該離開,它不離開,被當地人聯合主權擁有國(法國)趕走是正常的。
詳見:Q&A40:越南人怎麼趕走國民黨軍隊的?:https://reurl.cc/9ZRz6j
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👉🏻盟軍佔領德國的時候,納粹德國政府就整個解散了,在佔領區分別成立治理政權。德國人有誰在那裡說「說不過去」嗎?
👉🏻結論:
要怎麼管是佔領軍可以自由選擇的事情,但不能違背相關條約,無論是在哪個地方,日本本土也好,南北朝鮮也罷,當地人民都是在佔領者安排下參與地方事務,沒有什麼好比較的。
(關鍵字搜尋🔍國際法法理建國,敬請期待明天的問與答)
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allied occupation of japan 在 李怡 Facebook 的最讚貼文
I sincerely hope I am wrong | Lee Yee
I know very little about American issues. In the past, I even thought that no matter which party wins the presidential election, there would be no significant difference under the Constitution and the existing system. However, it is different this time. This US presidential election not only involves the interests of the Americans but also concerns the future political situation of the world, especially for China and Hong Kong.
The state of society tearing as a result of this presidential election is far beyond any from the past, almost to the point of a civil war. As far as the domestic situation in the US is concerned, it is not a dispute between supporting Trump or supporting Biden, but a fight between support for Trump and opposition to Trump. The topics of discussion are 1) epidemic prevention and control measures, 2) violence and disorder due to the Black Lives Matter protests, and 3) economy. Arguments from both standpoints are too numerous to detail and many are reasonable with solid judgment. It is very difficult to explain clearly in this short article. I will only discuss the history and current situation of Sino-US relations.
The most important timeline in the history of the modern relations between China and the US is after WWII during the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). At that time, the 33rd president of the US and leader of the Democratic Party, Harry S. Truman pursued a policy of appeasement to the CPC and actively advocated negotiations between the KMT and the CPC. During the Chinese Civil War, it was apparent that he was pro-communist and made the communist military stronger. The KMT was defeated for internal reasons but the US inclination was key. After the KMT government retreated to Taiwan, in January 1950, President Truman issued a statement that the US would not intervene with the situation in China and declared that the island groups of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and some minor islands were not within the scope of the US military. The US Democratic Party allowed mainland China to fall into the hands of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Later, Chiang Kai-shek commissioned General Ho Shai-lai to Tokyo to meet with Douglas MacArthur, the American general who administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation and oversaw the occupation, rebuilding and democratization of Japan. The visit aimed to win the support of General MacArthur and was ultimately able to save Taiwan.
Another important page in the history of the Sino-US relations was the diplomatic breakthrough of Republican US President Richard Nixon in 1971. A military conflict broke out in the previous year at the border of China and the then Soviet Union. The Soviet Union intended to deploy nuclear weapons to perform a so-called “surgical removal operation” on China’s nuclear base. However, it was halted when it probed the US for reactions. The US stated that if the Soviet Union employed nuclear weapons, it would undoubtedly challenge the US nuclear balance policy. After that, when the US collaborated with China to strategically deal with the superpower Soviet Union, the US did not abandon Taiwan. Not until 1979 when Jimmy Carter, the 39th president of the US and a democrat, established diplomatic relations with the CCP that the US severed ties with Taiwan. The incident triggered a global trend to set up diplomatic relations with the CCP, which enabled the CCP to steady a firm holding in the international community.
The third important aspect in the history of the Sino-US relations was in 2000, under Bill Clinton’s administration, China was given entry into the WTO (World Trade Organization) and granted a most favored nation (MFN) status. Since then, it developed its foothold as an international manufacturer in the global market. Furthermore, its economy took off through intellectual property theft, failure to commit to the promise of its 2001 accession to the WTO and market dominance by means of authoritarian capitalism. As China’s economic development fully penetrates into the Western world, on the one hand, it takes advantage of the multinational companies invested in China to control the capital markets of the US and the West. On the other hand, it invests heavily in its grand propaganda to control overseas Chinese media and even Western mainstream media.
Every election candidate receives donations from multinational companies. Not to mention 90% of the mainstream media in the US are owned or operated by these Democratic Party’s donors. Therefore, they turn a blind eye to the elephant in the room and injudiciously embrace the CCP regime that has infiltrated the American society and continuously infringed on human rights at home. In addition to the interest considerations, the media of course also has the leftist ideology permeated in Western academia and journalism. I will elaborate on this topic at another time.
Finally, there is Trump who is not swayed by the donors of multinational corporations because he himself does not lack money nor is he afraid to offend most of the leftist media. He sometimes speaks without thinking but he never seeks the so-called “political correctness,” and basically does what he says he would. People who stand on the moral high ground with the spirit of great love would shake their heads upon his words and actions. Regardless, only a person like Trump can start to contain the power that infiltrated the US and the Western world, and support the democracy of Taiwan and Hong Kong’s campaign for autonomy.
Currently, anti-China is the general social conscience in the US. Biden’s China policy seems to align with that of Trump’s. Biden even defined the CCP’s handling of Xinjiang as an “ethnic genocide.” However, is there really no difference between the two parties? Recall that when Clinton was running for the presidency, he said that he opposed the Republican government’s annual review of the US MFN status for China. He believed it should not be granted but after he took office, he made China’s MFN status permanent and sent China to the WTO.
As the Democratic Party controls Wall Street and mainstream media, I am not optimistic about Trump in this election. Even so, I really hope from my brain to my heart that I am wrong.
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