[教育時評]激發批判性思考
拿我們的【新聞英文-Marketing & Influencers 補充包】 https://bit.ly/2YJPZvb
在上一篇文章中,我們將批判性思考大致定義為——使我們能處理資訊並解決問題的能力。讓我們藉由下列問題,來進一步限縮定義。
1、哪些人是最佳的批判性思想家?
2、你為什麼認為這些人是批判性思想家?
3、他們擁有哪些技能?
你想到了誰?他們擁有哪些技能?
也許有些人會想到喬姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)、霍金(Stephen Hawking)或喬治・歐威爾(George Orwell)。他們所共有者包含了好奇心、客觀性與分析性思考等諸多核心特點。
至此,我們的定義已相當清晰。我們知道即便批判性思考是一種抽象的技能,但仍可想到一些批判性思想家,並對其加以分析。
以下是與批判性思考相關的六大核心技能列表,以及有助於開發核心技能的問題:
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1. Interpretation 詮釋
•What does this mean?
•What’s happening?
•How should we understand that (e.g., what he or she just said)?
•What is the best way to characterize/categorize/classify this?
•In this context, what was intended by saying/doing that?
•How can we make sense out of this (experience, feeling, or statement)?
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2. Analysis 分析
•Please tell us again your reasons for making that claim.
•What is your conclusion/What is it that you are claiming?
•Why do you think that?
•What are the arguments pro and con?
•What assumptions must we make to accept that conclusion?
•What is your basis for saying that?
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3. Inference 推論
•Given what we know so far, what conclusions can we draw?
•Given what we know so far, what can we rule out?
•What does this evidence imply?
•If we abandoned/accepted that assumption, how would things change?
•What additional information do we need to resolve this question?
•If we believed these things, what would they imply for us going forward?
•What are the consequences of doing things that way?
•What are some alternatives we haven’t yet explored?
•Let’s consider each option and see where it takes us.
•Are there any undesirable consequences that we can and should foresee?
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4. Evaluation 評估
•How credible is that claim?
•Why do we think we can trust what this person claims?
•How strong are those arguments?
•Do we have our facts right?
•How confident can we be in our conclusion, given what we now know?
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5. Explanation 解釋
•What were the specific findings/results of the investigation?
•Please tell us how you conducted that analysis.
•How did you come to that interpretation?
•Please take us through your reasoning one more time.
•Why do you think that (was the right answer/was the solution)?
•How would you explain why this particular decision was made?
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6. Self-regulation 自我調整
•Our position on this issue is still too vague; can we be more precise?
•How good was our methodology, and how well did we follow it?
•Is there a way we can reconcile these two apparently conflicting conclusions?
•How good is our evidence?
•OK, before we commit, what are we missing?
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請留意,這六大核心技能只是定義批判性思考的一種方式。若你想閱讀我們有關批判性思考的最後一篇文章,以及學習如何發展此一能力,歡迎按讚或分享貼文,並於留言區回覆「I want to develop my critical thinking」。
我們將於5月30日晚間8:00 ,從留言的粉絲中抽出3位幸運的得獎者。贈送獎品為——《Times》、《People》以及《Bloomberg Businessweek》雜誌各一本。我會透過臉書通知得獎的同學。
抽獎活動已圓滿結束!
感謝大家的參與! Stay tuned for our next critical thinking post!
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參考文獻:
Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Insight assessment, 2007(1), 1-23.
McPeck, J. E. (2016). Critical thinking and education. Routledge.
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Try asking yourself some of these questions every time you encounter new information.
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諸do圓滿 在 謙預 Qianyu.sg Facebook 的最佳貼文
【瘟神會喜歡你嗎?】
Who Do The Gods of Plague Favour?
去年十二月,我的根本上師,聖尊蓮生活佛,錄製新春節目時,為全世界的經濟、地球的命運打了20分。還預言會有超級細菌:https://youtu.be/gqvgwuQpPPU
今年一月頭時,我師父 玳瑚師父 Master Dai Hu 告訴我鼠年一到,馬來西亞會有很多的問題,因為這國家和當時還在執政的首相和老鼠有沖。
昨天,就讀到新聞:馬來西亞禁止國人出國,也禁止所有外國遊客入境馬來西亞兩個星期。
今年二月九日時,我錄製這影片,在二月十七日時上傳到我的Youtube頻道,提醒我新加坡的同胞們,不要因慌張而噸貨,以及在這時候如何注意自己的善惡。
我們要相信我們的政府,相信我們國家的地理風水和氣場,在處理這疫情危機時,我們的國家一定會脫穎而出。
不說你不知,新加坡人民行動黨的名稱和標誌,是很旺新加坡的。所以就算有諸多不圓滿的地方,這政黨是能夠一次又一次帶新加坡走出困境的。
老鼠是繁殖能力很強的動物,每三到四個星期就能生一次,一次就10-12隻老鼠,一年內就能生上千隻小老鼠。它也是個帶菌者,因此新冠病毒傳播度非常快和廣。從玄學角度來看,我在影片中說過,這瘟疫在新加坡最少都要半年。
我們還沒有進入高峰期,但不必擔心。
瘟疫在新加坡最長會多久?那就得看這個因素了......請觀看影片:https://youtu.be/hyaB3oJ0dyc
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In December 2019, my Root Guru Master, His Holiness Living Buddha Lian-Sheng, recorded a Chinese New Year programme in which He gave a score of 20 (out of 100) for the world economy and Earth’s destiny in the year 2020. He even predicted a super-virus appearing: https://youtu.be/gqvgwuQpPPU
In Jan this year, my Shifu (Master Dai Hu) told me that the advent of the Year of Rat would bring plenty of troubles to Malaysia due to energy clashes between the country, the Prime Minister at that time, and the Rat.
So came the news late last night that Malaysia is going to impose a 2-week lock-down of the country, restricting Malaysians from leaving the country as well as foreigners entering Malaysia.
I recorded this video on 9 Feb this year, and uploaded it onto my YouTube channel on 17th Feb to remind fellow Singaporeans not to stockpile out of panic, and to be aware of what’s virtuous and what’s not.
We must believe in our Government, and have faith in the geographical Feng Shui and positive energies of our country. Believe that Singapore will stand out from the rest in handling this virus crisis.
You may not know this. The name and logo of the ruling party, People’s Action Party, are auspicious and a blessing to Singapore. Thus, even though the Party may fall short in some areas, the PAP will be able to lead the country through a crisis, time after time.
Rodents have extraordinary reproductive power. They can give birth to 10-12 young ones every 3-4 weeks, growing their numbers to the thousands in a year’s time. Rodents are also usually carriers of disease. Therefore we see the virulent nature of the Covid-19 disease this year. From the Chinese Metaphysics' point of view, I have mentioned in my video that this pandemic in Singapore will last at least 6 months.
We have yet to see the peak of this disease. But please do not worry.
How long might it last? It all depends on this one factor... please watch my video: https://youtu.be/hyaB3oJ0dyc
諸do圓滿 在 杜文中 Facebook 的最讚貼文
#鼠Do第一
#幸福工程師
【展現實力,起跑活力】
2020元旦,我們「諸Do圓滿」後邁向「鼠Do第一」!
活力第一天 2020(愛您愛你)從國民黨新竹縣黨部出發為韓國瑜加油,為林思銘加油,更為自己的將來加油,鄉親啊,有怨要吐一月十一日下架民進黨!韓流再起,青天白日榮光再現,我現在要出征!
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